Zidovudine for the Prevention of HIV Transmission

Zidovudine for the Prevention of HIV Transmission Introduction Zidovudine is an antiretroviral drug which is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; it is used as treatment with other antiretroviral drugs against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Additionally, zidovudine can be utilised as a means of reducing the risk of transfer of HIV from a pregnant woman to her child. Furthermore, zidovudine is used in post exposure prophylaxis in order to lower the chance of being infected with HIV in people who have been exposed to the virus. (AHFS Drug Information, n.d.). Name Of Drug, Structure, Formula and Functional Groups Zidovudine is also known as azidothymidine and, in short, AZT (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). The molecular formula of the compound is C10H13N5O4 (The Merck Index, n.d.) and zidovudine has a molecular weight of 267.25, as calculated using the ISIS ChemDraw package (Cambridge Soft, n.d.). Analysing the compound shows that zidovudine is made up of a thymine group bonded to a 2,3-dideoxyribose group with an attached azide group. Therefore the systematic name of zidovudine is 3†²-azido-2, 3†²-dideoxythymidine (The Merck Index, n.d.), as the oxygen of the hydroxyl group on the 3 carbon of the ribose ring has been removed, giving 3-deoxyribose, and has been replaced with an azide group and the oxygen on the 2 carbon has also been removed. The azide group on the ribose ring is the reason why zidovudine acts as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (AHFS Drug Information, n.d.). In order for zidovudine to carry out its role, it must be phosphorylated by an enzyme called thymidine kinase; this is due to the fact that reverse transcriptase includes the triphosphates produced into the HIV DNA chain being formed during HIV replication. Consequently, after the triphosphate has been included, 5, 3-phosphodiester bonding in the DNA chain is not possible, because of azide group in the triphosphate, and therefore DNA formation cannot continue (Foye et al, 2008). Formulations and Packaging The generic form of zidovudine is available as hard capsules (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.) in two strengths of 100mg and 250mg (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). Both strengths are packaged in foil blister packs and plastic bottles and need to be kept in these; they have an expiry date of 2 years from the date of manufacture (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). Zidovudine is also available under the brand name of Retrovir ® in the form of capsules, oral solution and injection solution (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). All of the Retrovir ® formulations need to be kept below 30 degrees and in their original outer boxes (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The capsules are hard capsules (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.) in strengths of 100mg and 250mg (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010); they have an expiry date of five years from the date of manufacture and are packaged in a blister pack or a bottle (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The oral solution consists of a 50mg in 5ml dose (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010) and is packaged in an amber bottle made of glass. The oral solution has an expiry date of two years from the date of manufacture but should be disposed of after the bottle has been opened for one month (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The injection solution is available in the dose of 10mg per 1ml and is used for intravenous infusion (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). It is packaged in a glass vial which is amber or clear in colour. The solution has an expiry date of three years after the date of manufacture however, once opened, it must be used straightaway and any remaining solution disposed of (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). According to Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (n.d.), all the formulations of zidovudine need to be shielded from sources of light and need to be kept in air tight containers. Stereochemistry and Conformation As highlighted in the diagram drawn using ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.), zidovudine has a total of three chiral centres and hence zidovudine has eight possible stereoisomers. The 1 carbon of the ribose ring is of the R configuration whereas the 3 and 4 carbons are of the S configuration (Novak et al, 2003). Zidovudine has a specific optical rotation value of +99 ° in water (Merck, n.d.) and hence rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise; consequently zidovudine is optically active (Freeman, 2010). Synthesis Zidovudine was made by Jerome Horwitz in 1964 (Weeks et al, 2010). It can be formed from thymidine, however, this is a costly method and therefore a more cost effective technique is used to make zidovudine on a large scale by using D-Mannitol as the starting compound (Saunders, 2000). The process has been drawn below using ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.) with reference to Top Drugs (2000). In the first stage, a derivative of D-glyceraldehyde is formed from D-mannitol using acetone and a source of protons and refluxing. Lead (IV) acetate is then added. In the second stage a Wittig reaction is carried out and PH3P=CHCO2Et and methanol are added. In the third step hydrochloric acid is added, producing a lactone. In the fourth stage the lactone is protected and the azide group is added on through a Michael addition reaction. The reagents used to protect the lactone are t-Bu(Me)2SiCl, imidazole and dimethylformamide. The reagents for the Michael addition reaction are lithium azide, tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid and water. In the fifth stage the lactone is reduced to a lactol at minus 78 degrees using Diisobutylaluminium hydride and dichloromethane. The hydroxyl group is activated to form a sugar intermediate using acetic anhydride and pyridine. In the sixth step, Vorbruggen conditions are adopted and a condensation reaction is performed with the sugar intermediate and silyla ted thymine which produces alpha and beta anomers. The reagents are di-trimethylsilyl-thymine, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and EDC. In the seventh step, the silyl protecting group is taken off and the anomers are uncombined to obtain zidovudine. The reagents used in this step are n-Bu4N+F- and tetrahydrofuran (Saunders, 2000). Drug stability: Potential sites of chemical instability and metabolism Zidovudine decomposes greatly in the presence of light because of the azide group and the product formed from the breakdown is thymine. This is because two nitrogen atoms are removed from the azide group, forming nitrene. An insertion reaction takes place and aziridine is made. Water, as a nucleophile, attacks aziridine. The amide anion formed causes the thymine group to be nucleophilically displaced and hence thymine is produced as the degradation product (Dunge et al, 2004). Therefore as zidovudine is mostly affected by light it is advised that the various formulations of zidovudine are kept away from light sources (British Pharmacopoeia, 2010). Zidovudine has a bioavailability of 63%. This is due to the fact that zidovudine undergoes glucuronidation, giving zidovudine glucuronide which is more water soluble than zidovudine due to a sugar group being added, and is renally excreted (Burton et al, 2006). UDP-glucuronyl transferease is the enzyme which catalyses the reaction (Veal et al, 1995). Zidovudine can also be converted to 3-amino-3-deoxythymidine due to the azide group being reduced (Veal et al, 1995); 3-amino-3-deoxythymidine can affect the action of zidovudine against HIV and is possibly toxic (Burton et al, 2006). Lipinskis Rules For Orally Active Drugs According to Clarkes Analysis Of Drugs And Poisons (n.d.) the Log P value of Zidovudine is 0.05 and the molecular weight is 267.25 as calculated on ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.). Zidovudine has a total of two hydrogen bond donor sites and a total of nine hydrogen bond acceptor sites (Lipinski et al, 1997). As a result, zidovudine follows Lipinskis Rules of Five as it has a molecular weight of less than 500, a Log P value of less than 5, there are less than five hydrogen bond donor sites and there are less than ten hydrogen bond acceptor sites (Lipinski et al, 1997). As the Log P value of zidovudine is 0.05 (Clarkes Analysis Of Drugs And Poisons, n.d.) it can be seen that the drug is slightly polar. Zidovudine contains aromatic and large aliphatic regions which are hydrophobic; the polar character arises from the hydroxyl group, an amide region, an ether link and azide group, which are all hydrophilic regions. Therefore as there is a slight imbalance of more hydrophilic groups to hydrophobic groups, zidovudine is slightly hydrophilic and slightly polar and therefore is water soluble and has less affinity to cross the lipid membranes (Bichenkova, 2010). pKa and Ionization State At pH 2, 7.4 and 10 and Solubility According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (n.d.), the pKa value of Zidovudine is 9.68 and hence it is weakly acidic. Using the equation for the percentage of ionization, which has been derived from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, I am able to calculate the percentage amount of ionization of zidovudine at various pH values. The equation used consists of: % ionization of an acid = 100/ 1 + antilog(pKa pH) (Freeman, 2010). At pH2, the equation will read % ionization = 100/ 1 + antilog (9.68 2). This gives the value 2.0910^-6 %. Hence it can be seen that in the stomach only a very small amount of zidovudine will be ionized and generally it will be largely unionized. The percentage of zidovudine unionized at pH2 is 99.99% and hence as zidovudine is highly unionized at pH 2, it will be absorbed from the stomach. At pH2 2.0910^-6% of zidovudine is ionized as the azide group can be protonated (Chemicalize, n.d.). At pH 7.4 the calculation gives a value of 0.52%. Hence in the blood stream zidovudine will be largely unionized as the percentage of zidovudine that is unionized in the blood stream is 99.8%. In the bloodstream 0.52% of Zidovudine will be ionized as the azide group can deprotonate (Chemicalize, n.d.). As zidovudine is largely unionized at pH 7.4, it can be absorbed from the bloodstream into the CD4 cells where it carries out its role as an antiretroviral (Foye et al, 2008). At pH 10 a value of 67.63% is obtained. Therefore in basic conditions, zidovudine is largely  ionized as the azide group is deprotonated and the amide group of thymine is deprotonated (Chemicalize, n.d.). The percentage of zidovudine unionized in the blood is 32.37%. Zidovudine is absorbed very quickly in the body (Burton et al, 2006) and this can be seen through the fact that zidovudine is greatly unionised in the stomach and blood stream and hence can quickly enter the CD4 cells in the blood (Foye et al, 2008). Conclusion As zidovudine has an azide group it is able to stop HIV replication (Foye, 2008). Zidovudine follows Lipinskis Rules and hence is well absorbed in the body (Lipinski et al, 1997). As zidovudine has a pKa of 9.68, the drug can be absorbed from the stomach as it will be largely unionised in the stomach. This is also the case for the drug in the bloodstream and hence zidovudine can be taken up quickly by the cells and carry out its role as an antiretroviral despite being slightly polar. The bioavailability of zidovdine is limited however by the fact that some zidovudine is glucuronidated and hence is lost; some zidovudine is also affected by the azide group being reduced as the product formed can affect zidovudines role as an antiretroviral and could be toxic (Burton et al, 2006). As zidovudine degrades in the presence of light, the drug is packaged in blister packs or plastic bottles and all formulations of the drug need to be kept out of light and in the packaging they came in (Electr onic Medicines Compendium, n.d.).

Forward the Foundation Chapter 28

27 It was a lovely day, neither too warm nor too cold, not too bright nor too gray. Even though the groundskeeping budget had given out years ago, the few straggly perennials lining the steps leading up to the Galactic Library managed to add a cheerful note to the morning. (The Library, having been built in the classical style of antiquity, was fronted with one of the grandest stairways to be found in the entire Empire, second only to the steps at the Imperial Palace itself. Most Library visitors, however, preferred to enter via the gliderail) Seldon had high hopes for the day. Since he and Stettin Palver had been cleared of all charges in their recent assault and battery case, Hari Seldon felt like a new man. Although the experience had been painful, its very public nature had advanced Seldon's cause. Judge Tejan Popjens Lih, who was considered one of, if not the most influential judge on Trantor, had been quite vociferous in her opinion, delivered the day following Rial Nevas's emotional testimony. â€Å"When we come to such a crossroads in our ‘civilized' society,† the judge intoned from her bench, â€Å"that a man of Professor Hari Seldon's standing is made to bear the humiliation, abuse, and lies of his peers simply because of who he is and what he stands for, it is truly a dark day for the Empire. I admit that I, too, was taken in-at first. ‘Why wouldn't Professor Seldon,' I reasoned, ‘resort to such trickery in an attempt to prove his predictions?' But, as I came to see, I was most grievously wrong.† Here the judge's brow furrowed, a dark blue flush began creeping up her neck and into her cheeks. â€Å"For I was ascribing to Professor Seldon motives born of our new society, a society in which honesty, decency, and goodwill are likely to get one killed, a society in which it appears one must resort to dishonesty and trickery merely to survive. â€Å"How far we have strayed from our founding principles. We were lucky this time, fellow citizens of Trantor. We owe a debt of thanks to Professor Hari Seldon for showing us our true selves; let us take his example to heart and resolve to be vigilant against the baser forces of our human nature.† Following the hearing, the Emperor had sent Seldon a congratulatory holo-disc. On it he expressed the hope that perhaps now Seldon would find renewed funding for his Project. As Seldon slid up the entrance gliderail, he reflected on the current status of his Psychohistory Project. His good friend-the former Chief Librarian Las Zenow-had retired. During his tenure, Zenow had been a strong proponent of Seldon and his work. More often than not, however, Zenow's hands had been tied by the Library Board. But, he had assured Seldon, the affable new Chief Librarian, Tryma Acarnio, was as progressive as he himself, and was popular with many factions among the Board membership. â€Å"Hari, my friend,† Zenow had said before leaving Trantor for his home world of Wencory, â€Å"Acarnio is a good man, a person of deep intellect and an open mind. I'm sure he'll do all that he can to help you and the Project. I've left him the entire data file on you and your EncyIopedia; I know he'll be as excited as I about the contribution to humanity it represents. Take care, my friend-I'll remember you fondly.† And so today Hari Seldon was to have his first official meeting with the new Chief Librarian. He was cheered by the reassurances Las Zenow had left with him and he was looking forward to sharing his plans for the future of the Project and the Encyclopedia. Tryma Acarnio stood as Hari entered the Chief Librarian's office. Already he had made his mark on the place; whereas Zenow had stuffed every nook and cranny of the room with holo-discs and tridijournals from the different sectors of Trantor, and a dizzying array of visiglobes representing various worlds of the Empire had spun in midair, Acarnio had swept clear the mounds of data and images that Zenow had liked to keep at his fingertips. A large holoscreen now dominated one wall on which, Seldon presumed, Acarnio could view any publication or broadcast that he desired. Acarnio was short and stocky, with a slightly distracted look-from a childhood corneal correction that had gone awry-that belied a fearsome intelligence and constant awareness of everything going on around him at all times. â€Å"Well, well. Professor Seldon. Come in. Sit down.† Acarnio gestured to a straight-backed chair facing the desk at which he sat. â€Å"It was, I felt, quite fortuitous that you requested this meeting. You see, I had intended to get in touch with you as soon as I settled in.† Seldon nodded, pleased that the new Chief Librarian had considered him enough of a priority to plan to seek him out in the hectic early days of his tenure. â€Å"But, first, Professor, please let me know why you wanted to see me before we move on to my, most likely, more prosaic concerns.† Seldon cleared his throat and leaned forward. â€Å"Chief Librarian, Las Zenow has no doubt told you of my work here and of my idea for an Encyclopedia Galactica. Las was quite enthusiastic, and a great help, providing a private office for me here and unlimited access to the Library's vast resources. In fact, it was he who located the eventual home of the Encyclopedia Project, a remote Outer World called Terminus. â€Å"There was one thing, however, that Las could not provide. In order to keep the Project on schedule, I must have office space and unlimited access granted to a number of my colleagues, as well. It is an enormous undertaking, just gathering the information to be copied and transferred to Terminus before we can begin the actual work of compiling the Encyclopedia. â€Å"Las was not popular with the Library Board, as you undoubtedly are aware. You, however, are. And so I ask you, Chief Librarian: Will you see to it that my colleagues are granted insiders' privileges so that we may continue our most vital work?† Here Hari stopped, almost out of breath. He was sure that his speech, which he had gone over and over in his mind the night before, would have the desired effect. He waited, confident in Acarnio's response. â€Å"Professor Seldon,† Acarnio began. Seldon's expectant smile faded. There was an edge to the Chief Librarian's voice that Seldon had not expected. â€Å"My esteemed predecessor provided me-in exhaustive detail-an explication of your work here at the Library. He was quite enthusiastic about your research and committed to the idea of your colleagues joining you here. As was I, Professor Seldon†-at Acarnio's pause, Seldon looked up sharply-â€Å"at first. I was prepared to call a special meeting of the Board to propose that a larger suite of offices be prepared for you and your Encyclopedists. But, Professor Seldon, all that has now changed.† â€Å"Changed! But why?† â€Å"Professor Seldon, you have just finished serving as principal defendant in a most sensational assault and battery case.† â€Å"But I was acquitted,† Seldon broke in. â€Å"The case never even made it to trial.† â€Å"Nonetheless, Professor, your latest foray into the public eye has given you an undeniable-how shall I say it?-tinge of ill repute. Oh yes, you were acquitted of all charges. But in order to get to that acquittal, your name, your past, your beliefs, and your work were paraded before the eyes of all the worlds. And even if one progressive right-thinking judge has proclaimed you faultless, what of the millions-perhaps billions-of other average citizens who see not a pioneering psychohistorian striving to preserve his civilization's glory but a raving lunatic shouting doom and gloom for the great and mighty Empire? â€Å"You, by the very nature of your work, are threatening the essential fabric of the Empire. I don't mean the huge, nameless, faceless, monolithic Empire. No, I am referring to the heart and soul of the Empire-its people. When you tell them the Empire is failing, you are saying that they are failing. And this, my dear Professor, the average citizen cannot face. â€Å"Seldon, like it or not, you have become an object of derision, a subject of ridicule, a laughingstock.† â€Å"Pardon me, Chief Librarian, but for years now I have been, to some circles, a laughingstock.† â€Å"Yes, but only to some circles. But this latest incident-and the very public forum in which it was played out-has opened you up to ridicule not only here on Trantor but throughout the worlds. And, Professor, if, by providing you an office, we, the Galactic Library, give tacit approval to your work, then, by inference, we, the Library, also become a laughingstock throughout the worlds. And no matter how strongly I may personally believe in your theory and your Encyclopedia, as Chief Librarian of the Galactic Library on Trantor, I must think of the Library first. â€Å"And so, Professor Seldon, your request to bring in your colleagues is denied.† Hari Seldon jerked back in his chair as if struck. â€Å"Further,† Acarnio continued, â€Å"I must advise you of a two-week temporary suspension of all Library privileges-effective immediately. The Board has called that special meeting, Professor Seldon. In two weeks' time we will notify you whether or not we've decided that our association with you must be terminated.† Here, Acarnio stopped speaking and, placing his palms on the glossy, spotless surface of his desk, stood up. â€Å"That is all, Professor Seldon-for now.† Hari Seldon stood as well, although his upward movement was not as smooth, nor as quick, as Tryma Acarnio's. â€Å"May I be permitted to address the Board?† asked Seldon. â€Å"Perhaps if I were able to explain to them the vital importance of psychohistory and the Encyclopedia-â€Å" â€Å"I'm afraid not, Professor,† said Acarnio softly and Seldon caught a brief glimmer of the man Las Zenow had told him about. But, just as quickly, the icy bureaucrat was back as Acarnio guided Seldon to the door. As the portals slid open, Acarnio said, â€Å"Two weeks, Professor Seldon. Till then.† Hari stepped through to his waiting skitter and the doors slid shut. What am I going to do now? wondered Seldon disconsolately. Is this the end of my work? 28 â€Å"Wanda dear, what is it that has you so engrossed?† asked Hari Seldon as he entered his granddaughter's office at Streeling University. The room had been the office of the brilliant mathematician Yugo Amaryl, whose death had impoverished the Psychohistory Project. Fortunately, Wanda had gradually taken over Yugo's role in recent years, further refining and adjusting the Prime Radiant. â€Å"Why, I'm working on an equation in Section 33A2D17. See, I've recalibrated this section†-she gestured to a glowing violet patch suspended in midair in front of her face-‘taking into consideration the standard quotient and-There! Just what I thought-I think.† She stepped back and rubbed her eyes. â€Å"What is it, Wanda?† Hari moved in closer to study the equation. â€Å"Why, this looks like the Terminus equation and yet†¦ Wanda, this is an inverse of the Terminus equation, isn't it?† â€Å"Yes, Grandpa. See, the numbers weren't working quite right in the Terminus equation-look.† Wanda touched a contact in a recessed wallstrip and another patch sprang to life in vivid red on the other side of the room. Seldon and Wanda walked over to inspect it. â€Å"You see how it's all hanging together fine now, Grandpa? It's taken me weeks to get it this way.† â€Å"How did you do it?† asked Hari, admiring the equation's lines, its logic, its elegance. â€Å"At first, I concentrated on it from over here only. I blocked out all else. In order to get Terminus to work, work on Terminus-stands to reason, doesn't it? But then I realized that I couldn't just introduce this equation into the Prime Radiant system and expect it to blend right in smoothly, as if nothing happened. A placement means a displacement somewhere else. A weight needs a counterweight.† â€Å"I think the concept to which you are referring is what the ancients called ‘yin and yang.' â€Å" â€Å"Yes, more or less. Yin and yang. So, you see, I realized that to perfect the yin of Terminus, I had to locate its yang. Which I did, over there.† She moved back to the violet patch, tucked away at the other edge of the Prime Radiant sphere. â€Å"And once I adjusted the figures here, the Terminus equation fell into place as well. Harmony!† Wanda looked pleased with herself, as if she'd solved all the problems of the Empire. â€Å"Fascinating, Wanda, and later on you must tell me what you think it all means for the Project. But right now you must come with me to the holoscreen. I received an urgent message from Santanni a few minutes ago. Your father wants us to call him immediately.† Wanda's smile faded. She had been alarmed at the recent reports of fighting on Santanni. As Imperial budget cutbacks went into effect, the citizens of the Outer Worlds suffered most. They had limited access to the richer, more populous Inner Worlds and it became more and more difficult to trade their worlds' products for much needed imports. Imperial hyperships going in and out of Santanni were few and the distant world felt isolated from the rest of the Empire. Pockets of rebellion had erupted throughout the planet. â€Å"Grandfather, I hope everything's all right,† said Wanda, her fear revealed by her voice. â€Å"Don't worry, dear. After all, they must be safe if Raych was able to send us a message.† In Seldon's office, he and Wanda stood before the holoscreen as it activated. Seldon punched a code on the keypad alongside the screen and they waited a few seconds for the intragalactic connection to be established. Slowly the screen seemed to stretch back into the wall, as if it were the entrance to a tunnel-and out of the tunnel, dimly at first, came the familiar figure of a stocky powerfully built man. As the connection sharpened, the man's features became clearer. When Seldon and Wanda were able to make out Raych's bushy Dahlite mustache, the figure sprang to life. â€Å"Dad! Wanda!† said Raych's three-dimensional hologram, projected to Trantor from Santanni. â€Å"Listen, I don't have much time.† He flinched, as if startled by a loud noise. â€Å"Things have gotten pretty bad here. The government has fallen and a provisional party has taken over. Things are a mess, as you can imagine. I just put Manella and Bellis on a hypership to Anacreon. I told them to get in touch with you from there. The name of the ship is the Arcadia VII. â€Å"You should have seen Manella, Dad. Mad as anything that she had to go. The only way I was able to convince her to leave was to point out that it was for Bellis's sake. â€Å"I know what you're thinking, Dad and Wanda. Of course I would have gone with them-if I could have. But there wasn't enough room. You should've seen what I had to go through just to get them onto the ship.† Raych flashed one of his lopsided grins that Seldon and Wanda loved so much, then continued. â€Å"Besides, since I'm here, I have to help guard the University-we may be part of the Imperial University system, but we're a place of learning and building, not of destruction. I tell you, if one of those hot-headed Santanni rebels comes near our stuff-â€Å" â€Å"Raych,† Hari broke in, â€Å"How bad is it? Are you close to the fighting?† â€Å"Dad, are you in danger?† asked Wanda. They waited a few seconds for their message to travel the nine thousand parsecs across the Galaxy to Raych. â€Å"I-I-I couldn't quite make out what you said,† the hologram replied. â€Å"There's a bit of fighting going on. It's sort of exciting, actually,† Raych said, breaking into that grin again. â€Å"So I'm going to sign off now. Remember, find out what happened to the Arcadia VII going to Anacreon. I'll be back in touch as soon as I'm able. Remember, I-† The transmission broke off and the hologram faded. The holoscreen tunnel collapsed in on itself so that Seldon and Wanda were left staring at a blank wall. â€Å"Grandpa,† said Wanda, â€Å"what do you think he was going to say?† â€Å"I have no idea, dear. But there is one thing I do know and that is that your father can take care of himself. I pity any rebel who gets near enough for a well-placed Twist-kick from your dad! Come, let's get back to that equation and in a few hours we'll check on the Arcadia VII.† *** â€Å"Commander, have you no idea what happened to the ship?† Hari Seldon was again engaged in intragalactic conversation, but this time it was with an Imperial navy commander stationed at Anacreon. For this communication, Seldon was making use of the visiscreen-much less realistic than the holoscreen but also much simpler. â€Å"I'm telling you, Professor, that we have no record of that hypership requesting permission to enter the Anacreonic atmosphere. Of course, communications with Santanni have been broken for several hours and sporadic at best for the last week. It is possible that the ship tried to reach us on a Santanni-based channel and could not get through, but I doubt it. â€Å"No, it's more likely that the Arcadia VII changed destination. Voreg, perhaps, or Sarip. Have you tried either of those worlds, Professor?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon wearily, â€Å"but I see no reason if the ship was bound for Anacreon that it would not go to Anacreon. Commander, it is vital that I locate that ship.† â€Å"Of course,† the commander ventured, â€Å"the Arcadia VII might not have made it. Out safely, I mean. There's a lot of fighting going on. Those rebels don't care who they blow up. They just train their lasers and pretend it's the Emperor Agis they're blasting. I tell you, it's a whole different game out here on the fringe, Professor.† â€Å"My daughter-in-law and granddaughter are on that ship, Commander,† Seldon said in a tight voice. â€Å"Oh, I'm sorry, Professor,† said an abashed commander. â€Å"I'll be in touch with you as soon as I hear anything.† Dispiritedly Hari closed the visiscreen contact. How tired I am, he thought. And, he mused, I'm not surprised-I've known that this would come for nearly forty years. Seldon chuckled bitterly to himself. Perhaps that commander had thought he was shocking Seldon, impressing him with the vivid detail of life â€Å"on the fringe.† But Seldon knew all about the fringe. And as the fringe came apart, like a piece of knitting with one loose thread, the whole piece would unravel to the core: Trantor. Seldon became aware of a soft buzzing sound. It was the door signal. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Grandpa,† said Wanda, entering the office, â€Å"I'm scared.† â€Å"Why, dear?† asked Seldon with concern. He didn't want to tell her yet what he had learned-or hadn't learned-from the commander on Anacreon. â€Å"Usually, although they're so far away, I feel Dad and Mom and Bellis-feel them in here†-she pointed to her head-â€Å"and in here†-she placed her hand over her heart. â€Å"But now, today, I don't feel them-it feels less, as if they're fading, like one of the dome bulbs. And I want to stop it. I want to pull them back, but I can't.† â€Å"Wanda, I really think this is merely a product of your concern for your family in light of the rebellion. You know that uprisings occur all over the Empire all the time-little eruptions to let off steam. Come now, you know that chances of anything happening to Raych, Manella, or Bellis are vanishingly small. Your dad will call any day to say all is well; your mom and Bellis will land on Anacreon at any moment and enjoy a little vacation. We are the ones to be pitied-we're stuck here up to our ears in work! So, sweetheart, go to bed and think only good thoughts. I promise you, tomorrow, under the sunny dome, things will look much better.† â€Å"All right, Grandpa,† said Wanda, not sounding entirely convinced. â€Å"But tomorrow-if we haven't heard by tomorrow-we'll have to-to-â€Å" â€Å"Wanda, what can we do, except wait?† asked Hari, his voice gentle. Wanda turned and left, the weight of her worries showing in the slope of her shoulders. Hari watched her go, finally allowing his own worries to come to the surface. It had been three days since the hologram transmission from Raych. Since then-nothing. And today the naval commander at Anacreon denied ever having heard of a ship called Arcadia VII Hari had tried earlier to get through to Raych on Santanni, but all communication beams were down. It was as if Santanni-and the Arcadia VII-had simply broken off from the Empire, like a petal from a flower. Seldon knew what he had to do now. The Empire might be down, but it was not out. Its power, when properly wielded, was still awesome. Seldon placed an emergency transmission to Emperor Agis XIV. 29 â€Å"What a surprise-my friend Hari!† Agis's visage beamed at Seldon through the holoscreen. â€Å"I am glad to hear from you, although you usually request the more formal personal audience. Come, you've piqued my interest. Why the urgency?† â€Å"Sire,† began Seldon, â€Å"my son, Raych, and his wife and daughter live on Santanni.† â€Å"Ah, Santanni,† the Emperor said as his smile faded. â€Å"A bunch of misguided wretches if I eve -â€Å" â€Å"Sire, please,† broke in Seldon, surprising both the Emperor and himself with this flagrant breach of Imperial protocol. â€Å"My son was able to get Manella and Bellis onto a hypership, the Arcadia VII, bound for Anacreon. He, however, had to remain. That was three days ago. The ship has not landed at Anacreon. And my son seems to have disappeared. My calls to Santanni have gone unanswered and now the communication beams are broken. â€Å"Please, Sire, can you help me?† â€Å"Hari, as you know, officially all ties between Santanni and Trantor have been severed. However, I still hold some influence in selected areas of Santanni. That is, there are still a few loyal to me who have not yet been found out. Although I cannot make direct contact with any of my operatives on that world, I can share with you any reports I receive from there. These are, of course, highly confidential, but considering your situation and our relationship, I will allow you access to those pieces that might interest you. â€Å"I am expecting another dispatch within the hour. If you like, I'll recontact you when it arrives. In the meantime, I'll have one of my aides go over all transmissions from Santanni for the past three days to look for anything pertaining to Raych, Manella, or Bellis Seldon.† â€Å"Thank you, Sire. I thank you most humbly.† And Hari Seldon dipped his head as the Emperor's image faded from the holoscreen. Sixty minutes later Hari Seldon was still sitting at his desk, waiting to hear from the Emperor. The past hour had been one of the most difficult he had ever spent, second only to the hours after Dors's destruction. It was the not knowing that did Hari in. He had made a career of knowing-the future as well as the present. And now he had no idea at all about three of the people most precious to him. The holoscreen buzzed softly and Hari pressed a contact in response. Agis appeared. â€Å"Hari,† began the Emperor. From the soft slow sadness in his voice, Hari knew this call brought bad news. â€Å"My son,† said Hari. â€Å"Yes,† replied the Emperor. â€Å"Raych was killed, earlier today, in a bombardment on Santanni University. I've learned from my sources that Raych knew the attack was coming but refused to desert his post. You see, a good number of the rebels are students and Raych felt that if they knew that he was still there, they would never†¦ But hate overcame all reason. â€Å"The University is, you see, an Imperial University. The rebels feel they must destroy all things Imperial before rebuilding anew. The fools! Why-† And here Agis stopped, as if suddenly realizing that Seldon did not care about Santanni University or the plans of the rebels-not right now, at least. â€Å"Hari, if it makes you feel any better, remember that your son died in defense of knowledge. It was not the Empire Raych fought and died for but humanity itself.† Seldon looked up out of tear-filled eyes. Weakly he asked, â€Å"And Manella and little Bellis? What of them? Have you found the Arcadia Hl?† â€Å"That search has proved fruitless, Hari. The Arcadia VII left Santanni, as you were told. But it seems to have disappeared. It may have been hijacked by rebels or it may have made an emergency detour-at this point, we just don't know.† Seldon nodded. â€Å"Thank you, Agis. Although you have brought me tragic news, at least you have brought it. Not knowing was worse. You are a true friend.† â€Å"And so, my friend,† said the Emperor, â€Å"I'll leave you to yourself now-and your memories.† The Emperor's image faded from the screen as Hari Seldon folded his arms in front of him on his desk, put his head down, and wept. 30 Wanda Seldon adjusted the waistband of her unisuit, pulling it a little tighter around her middle. Taking up a hand hoe, she attacked some weeds that had sprung up in her small flower garden outside the Psychohistory Building at Streeling. Generally Wanda spent the bulk of her time in her office, working with her Prime Radiant. She found solace in its precise statistical elegance; the unvarying equations were somehow reassuring in this Empire gone so crazy. But when thoughts of her beloved father, mother, and baby sister became too much to bear, when even her research could not keep her mind off the horrible losses she'd so recently undergone, Wanda invariably found herself out here, scratching at the terraformed ground, as if coaxing a few plants to life might somehow, in some tiny measure, ameliorate her pain. Since her father's death a month ago and the disappearance of Manella and Bellis, Wanda, who had always been slim, had been losing weight. Whereas a few months ago Hari Seldon would have been concerned over his darling granddaughter's loss of appetite, now he, stuck in his own grief, seemed not to notice. A profound change had come over Hari and Wanda Seldon-and the few remaining members of the Psychohistory Project. Hari seemed to have given up. He now spent most of his days sitting in an armchair in the Streeling solarium, staring out at the University grounds, warmed by the bright bulbs overhead. Occasionally Project members told Wanda that his bodyguard, a man named Stettin Palver, would badger Seldon into a walk out under the dome or try to engage him in a discussion of the future direction of the Project. Wanda retreated deeper into her study of the Prime Radiant's fascinating equations. She could feel the future her grandfather had worked so hard to achieve finally taking shape, and he was right: The Encyclopedists must be established on Terminus; they would be the Foundation. And Section 33A2D17-in it Wanda could see what Seldon referred to as the Second, or secret, Foundation. But how? Without Seldon's active interest, Wanda was at a loss as to how to proceed. And her sorrow over the destruction of her family cut so deep that she didn't seem to have the strength to figure it out. The members of the Project itself, those fifty or so hardy souls who remained, continued their work as well as possible. The majority were Encyclopedists, researching the source materials they would need to copy and catalogue for their eventual move to Terminus-when and if they gained full access to the Galactic Library. At this point, they were working on faith alone. Professor Seldon had lost his private office at the Library, so the prospects of any other Project member gaining special access were slim. The remaining Project members (other than the Encyclopedists) were historical analysts and mathematicians. The historians interpreted past and current human actions and events, turning their findings over to the mathematicians, who in turn fit those pieces into the great Psychohistorical Equation. It was long painstaking work. Many Project members had left because the rewards were so few-psychohistorians were the butt of many jokes on Trantor and limited funds had forced Seldon to enact drastic pay cuts. But the constant reassuring presence of Hari Seldon had-till now-overcome the difficult working conditions of the Project. Indeed, the Project members who had stayed on had, to a person, done so out of respect and devotion to Professor Seldon. Now, thought Wanda Seldon bitterly, what reason is left for them to stay? A light breeze blew a piece of her blond hair across her eyes; she pushed it back absentmindedly and continued her weeding. â€Å"Miss Seldon, may I have a moment of your time?† Wanda turned and looked up. A young man-she judged him to be in his early twenties-stood on the gravel path next to her. She immediately sensed him to be strong and fearsomely intelligent. Her grandfather had chosen wisely. Wanda rose to speak with him. â€Å"I recognize you. You are my grandfather's bodyguard, are you not? Stettin Palver, I believe?† â€Å"Yes, that's correct, Miss Seldon,† Palver said and his cheeks reddened slightly, as if he were pleased that so pretty a girl should have given him any notice. â€Å"Miss Seldon, it is your grandfather I'd like to talk to you about. I'm very worried about him. We must do something.† â€Å"Do what, Mr. Palver? I am at a loss. Since my father†-she swallowed hard, as if she were having difficulty speaking-â€Å"died and my mother and sister disappeared, it is all I can do to get him out of bed in the morning. And to tell you the truth, it has affected me very deeply as well. You understand, don't you?† She looked into his eyes and knew that he did. â€Å"Miss Seldon,† Palver said softly, â€Å"I am terribly sorry about your losses. But you and Professor Seldon are alive and you must keep working at psychohistory. The professor seems to have given up. I was hoping that maybe you-we-could come up with something to give him hope again. You know, a reason to go on.† Ah, Mr. Palver, thought Wanda, maybe Grandpa has it right. I wonder if there truly is any reason to go on. But she said, â€Å"I'm sorry, Mr. Palver, I can think of nothing.† She gestured toward the ground with her hoe. â€Å"And now, as you can see, I must get back to these pesky weeds.† â€Å"I don't think your grandfather has got it right. I think there truly is a reason to go on. We just have to find it.† The words struck her with full force. How had he known what she had been thinking? Unless-â€Å"You can handle minds, can't you?† Wanda asked, holding her breath, as if afraid to hear Palver's response. â€Å"Yes, I can,† the young man replied. â€Å"I always have, I think. At least, I can't remember not doing it. Half the time I'm not even consciously aware of it-I just know what people are thinking-or have thought. â€Å"Sometimes,† he continued, encouraged by the understanding he felt emanating from Wanda, â€Å"I get flashes of it coming from someone else. It's always in a crowd, though, and I can't locate whoever it is. But I know there are others like me-us-around.† Wanda grabbed Palver's hand excitedly, her gardening tool tossed to the ground, forgotten. â€Å"Have you any idea what this might mean? For Grandpa, for psychohistory? One of us alone can do only so much, but both of us together-† Wanda started walking into the Psychohistory Building, leaving Palver standing on the gravel path. Almost to the entrance she stopped and turned. Come, Mr. Palver, we must tell my grandfather, Wanda said without opening her mouth. Yes, I suppose we should, answered Palver as he joined her. 31 â€Å"Do you mean to say I have been searching Trantor-wide for someone with your powers, Wanda, and he's been here with us for the past few months and we never knew it?† Hari Seldon was incredulous. He had been dozing in the solarium when Wanda and Palver shook him awake to give him their amazing news. â€Å"Yes, Grandpa. Think about it. I've never had occasion to meet Stettin. Your time with him has primarily been away from the Project and I spend the majority of my time closeted in my office, working with the Prime Radiant. When would we have met? In fact, the one time our paths did cross, the results were most significant.† â€Å"When was that?† asked Seldon, searching his memory. â€Å"Your last hearing-before Judge Lih,† Wanda replied immediately. â€Å"Remember the eyewitness who swore that you and Stettin had attacked those three muggers? Remember how he broke down and told the truth-and even he didn't seem to know why. But Stettin and I have pieced it together. We were both pushing Rial Nevas to come clean. He had been very steadfast in his original claim; I doubt that either one of us would have been able to push him alone. But together†-she stole a shy glance at Palver, who was standing off to the side-â€Å"our power is awesome!† Hari Seldon took all this in and then made as if to speak. But Wanda continued. â€Å"In fact, we plan to spend the afternoon testing our mentalic abilities, separately and together. From the little we've discovered so far, it seems as if Stettin's power is slightly lower than mine-perhaps a five on my rating scale. But his five, combined with my seven, gives us a twelve! Think of it, Grandpa. Awesome!† â€Å"Don't you see, Professor?† Palver spoke up. â€Å"Wanda and I are that breakthrough you're looking for. We can help you convince the worlds of the validity of psychohistory, we can help find others like us, we can help put psychohistory back on track.† Hari Seldon gazed up at the two young people standing in front of him. Their faces were aglow with youth and vigor and enthusiasm and he realized it did his old heart good. Perhaps all was not lost, after all. He had not thought he would survive this latest tragedy, the death of his son and the disappearance of his son's wife and child, but now he could see that Raych lived on in Wanda. And in Wanda and Stettin, he now knew, lived the future of the Foundation. â€Å"Yes, yes,† agreed Seldon nodding forcefully. â€Å"Come you two, help me up. I must get back to my office to plan our next step.†

Economics Test with Multiple Choice Questions

Econ 201Name_____________________________ 1st test Sp 2012 Keith Watson 1. Economics is primarily the study of a. economists' roles in the market for stocks and bonds. `b. the problem of unlimited wants and limited resources. c. methods to eliminate scarcity. d. government programs that make the economy grow. 2. Societies in which consumers, producers, and resource suppliers determine economic outcomes are known as a. traditional economies. b. command economies. `c. market economies. d. mixed capitalistic economies. 3. The â€Å"what,† â€Å"how,† and â€Å"for whom† questions are determined by government in a. capitalistic economies. . market economies. `c. planned economies. d. traditional economies. 4. A production possibilities curve does not show `a. all the possible combinations of resources that may be used to produce a good. b. the productive capacities of a nation when resources and technology are limited. c. the opportunity costs of one good in terms of another. d. that in order to increase the production of one good some amount of another good must be foregone. 5. A production possibilities curve will shift in toward the origin if a. resources become unemployed. b. resources are shifted from consumption goods to capital goods. . national defense spending increases while spending on entertainment decreases. `d. the population and labor force decrease. 6. The economics problem is essentially one of deciding how to make the best use of a. limited resources to satisfy limited wants. b. unlimited resources to satisfy limited wants. `c. limited resources to satisfy virtually unlimited wants. d. virtually unlimited resources to satisfy virtually unlimited wants. 7. Which of the following is not a basic question that an economic system is supposed to determine? a. what and how many goods and services are produced b. hat quantities of each resource are used to produce each good `c. how to create a markets of buyers and sellers d. who rece ives the output after it is produced 8. Which of the following is not a resource? a. human capital b. physical capital c. labor ` d. money 9. Which of the following is the best definition of the demand for good â€Å"X†? Demand shows a. how much of X would be bought at the equilibrium price. b. how people's purchases of X rise and fall as their incomes rise and fall. `c. the amounts of X that would be bought at each and any price, assuming other factors (income, tastes, etc. ) remain constant. . how the amount of money people spend to purchase X changes as the price they must pay for it changes. 10. Which of the following is the best description of the law of demand? a. When supply increases, demand increases. `b. Price and quantity demanded are inversely related. c. When income increases, the demand for normal goods increases. d. When the price of A increases, the demand for B increases. 11. If the price of A falls, then ` a. the demand for complementary product B shifts to the right. b. the demand for inferior good B shifts to the right. c. the demand for substitute good B shifts to the right. . the demand for A shifts to the right. 12. An increase in the demand for A is caused by a. a decrease in the price of A. b. a decrease in the price of a substitute for A. c. an increase in the price of a complement for A. ` d. a decrease in income if A is an inferior good. 13. If hamburgers and French fries are complementary goods, a decrease in the price of French fries would `a. cause the demand curve for hamburgers to shift to the right. b. cause consumers to decrease the quantity of French fries demanded. c. cause the demand curve for hamburgers to shift to the left. d. ause consumers to decrease the quantity of hamburgers demanded. 14. Which of the following does not indicate an increase in the demand for good X? a. Consumers were purchasing 10 units of X at $3 per unit and now they are purchasing 12 units at $4. b. Consumers were purchasing 10 units of X at $3 per unit and now they are purchasing 10 units at $4 per unit. `c. Consumers were purchasing 10 units of X at $3 per unit and now they are purchasing 12 units at $2 per unit. d. The demand curve has shifted upward. 15. As Ms. Little's income decreased, she increased her purchases of peanut butter.We may conclude that for Ms. Little a. peanut butter is a normal good. b. her situation is an exception to the law of demand. c. peanut butter is not very scarce. `d. peanut butter is an inferior good. 16. If commodities x and y are close substitutes, a reduction in the price of x will `a. decrease the demand for y. c. increase the demand for x. b. increase the demand for y. d. decrease the demand for x. 17. Which of the following could not cause a shift in the demand curve for peas? a. An increase in consumers' incomes. b. An increase in the price of a complement. c. A large decrease in the price of a substitute. d. A decrease in the price of peas. e. A decrease in the price of green beans. 18. Which of the following is the best definition of the supply of good â€Å"X†? Supply shows a. how much of X would be offered at the equilibrium price. b. how people's productions of X rise and fall as their total costs of production rise and fall. c. how the amount of money people spend to purchase X changes as the price they must pay for it changes. `d. the amounts of X that would be offered at each and any price, assuming other factors (costs, prices of alternative products, etc. ) remain constant. 19.The law of supply suggests that `a. price and quantity supplied are directly related. b. price and quantity supplied are inversely related. c. if price rises supply falls. d. if demand increases then supply increases. 20. Which of the following does not indicate a decrease in the supply of X? `a. Producers were offering 500 units of X at a price of $5. 00 per unit and now they are offering 400 units at a price of $3. 00. b. Producers were offering 500 units at a pri ce of $5. 00 and now they are offering 400 units at a price of $6. 00. c. Producers were offering 500 units at a price of $5. 0 and now they are offering 500 units at a price of $6. 00. d. Producers were offering 500 units at a price of $5. 00 and now they are offering 400 units at a price of $5. 00. 21. Which of the following will increase the supply of X? a. an increase in the price of an input in the production of X b. unfavorable weather for producing X `c. an improvement in the technology used to produce X d. an increase in the price of X e. an increase in the demand for X 22. If producers must obtain a higher price than previously in order to produce same level of output, one can say that there has occurred: a. n increase in supply. `b. a decrease in supply. c. an increase in demand. d. a decrease in demand. 23. An increase in the supply of commodity X can be expected to be caused by: a. increases in the prices of other commodities. `b. decreases in the prices of inputs used t o produce this commodity. c. increases in the prices of inputs used to produce this commodity. d. a loss in technical knowledge. e. none of the above. 24. Price is at equilibrium if a. there is no shortage. b. there is no surplus. c. supply equals demand. `d. quantity supplied is equal to quantity demanded. 25. When price is below equilibrium, a. the quantity demanded is greater than the quantity supplied. b. the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded. c. a surplus results. d. the demand is greater than the supply. 26. When price is above equilibrium, a. there is a tendency for buyers to bid the price down. `b. sellers bid the price down. c. the quantity bought is less than the quantity sold. d. the amount that consumers are willing and able to purchase is greater than the amount that producers are willing and able to sell. 27. If the demand for a product increases, then a. less will be purchased if it is an inferior good. b. rice must fall in order to sell the extr a amount desired by consumers. c. the supply increases as well. `d. both equilibrium price and quantity rise. 28. If the demand and the supply of a product both decrease, then a. both price and quantity must fall. b. price will rise but quantity remains constant. `c. quantity falls, but the change in price cannot be predicted. d. price and quantity rise. 29. When supply decreases, a. the amount sold increases, but the amount purchased remains constant. b. a surplus results when prices are flexible. `c. price rises and quantity falls. d. demand increases and price rises. 0. If you notice that the equilibrium quantity of X has remained constant over a period of time, but the equilibrium price has increased, then what do you know has happened in the market for X? `a. the demand has increased and the supply has decreased. b. the demand has decreased and the supply has increased c. both the demand and supply have increased d. both the demand and supply have decreased 31. In which of the following instances is the effect upon equilibrium price indeterminate? a. demand increases and supply does not change b. supply decreases and demand increases c. demand decreases and supply increases d. demand increases and supply increases 32. If the equilibrium price of good X falls and its equilibrium quantity rises, then we know that a. an increase in demand has occurred. b. a decrease in demand has occurred. ` c. an increase in supply has occurred. d. a decrease in supply has occurred. 33. Which of the following could make the equilibrium price and quantity of good X rise? a. a decrease in income if X is a normal good ` b. a decrease in the price of a complement for X c. a decrease in the cost of producing X d. an improvement in technology that lowers the cost of producing

Prejudice and Discrimination Depicted in Graduation,...

Not everyone will like you in fact many will hate you for no reason because they don’t know anything about you other than what you look like. This is the case in many stories like Graduation by Maya Angelou, Myth of a Latin Woman by Judith Cofer and Letter from Birmingham Jail by Martin Luther king Jr. To any reasonable person these stories would seem very depressing because of the way these people are treated and most of the time they get this treatment because they are too afraid to speak up. Although some people are wrongfully treated as inferior knowing it doesn’t help stop it, only action can take away the prejudice and discrimination suffered by these people. Graduation by Maya Angelou really touches on the fact that†¦show more content†¦Her self-esteem was easily crushed and it took a song by the valedictorian to remind her of who she was. After that she was motivated to prove Donleavy wrong because her education would help her become as successful as an y white man. She didn’t wait and become successful as a writer, dancer, public speaker and civil rights leader. Martin’s story was a bit more alarming because he was in jail for demonstrating in Alabama. Even though he was nonviolent his action was met with violent unjust attacks and it became obvious to many blacks at the time that violence was inevitable. The main concern was about whether to act or to wait because nonviolent action would only result in more pointless violence. But king responded by saying that there was no other choice because people have been quiet for too long and if they didn’t act equal rights would never be obtained. His fellow clergymen say wait but he says that they don’t know the reality and cruelty of the situation which leads him to this direct action campaign. King’s story ends with his criticisms of how the police are being praised for keeping order when they are violently attacking innocent Negroes. He ends his lett er by comparing discrimination like a cloud that is constantly looming over his head. Finally Cofer’s story sees her wrestling against the white stereotype of a Latin woman because of her appearance. As a girl she was seen as indecent when she attended parties because was

Robert Frosts Poems Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 661 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/02/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Topics: Poetry Analysis Essay Did you like this example? Robert Lee Frost was an award winning American poet. He was an extremely successful poet that was known as a tragic poet. Frost uses ordinary speech in his poetry in hopes of making sense to readers and uses a lot of ordinary, everyday situations in his poetry. Even after dealing with much tragedy in his life Frost was able to write beautiful and unforgettable poetry. Robert Frost uses great imagery, symbols, and themes in his poems. His poems show a very clear, vivid picture of what is happening is occurring and do not leave readers with questions. Frost’s poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a bittersweet poem and was written in 1916. In this poem most of the imagery is visual. Frost uses imagery to describe the setting throughout the poem. â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (line 1). Right away the reader is able to visualize that the season is fall since the woods are yellow. Robert Frost chose a very relatable, understanding topic for this poem and a common matter people have to deal with. The theme is major decision making and what path to choose at the crossroads. â€Å"And sorry I could not travel both† (line 2). Although the marvelous outcome isn’t always clear this poem shows that you have to make the decision with confidence. The diverged roads symbolize the adventure life takes you on. â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear† (line 8), symbolizes that the narrator wants to take on an adventure unusual from what he or she would normally do. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Robert Frosts Poems Analysis" essay for you Create order â€Å"Fire and Ice† is a poem about destruction written in 1923. It is a short, but powerful poem as Robert Frost shows us that both fire and ice can be destructive. The imagery is displayed in the fire and ice, too much of heat or cold can be powerful and destroy. In moderation both are pleasant and appealing. Fire symbolizes desire and ice symbolizes hatred. Frost is showing a possibility of how the world can end in this poem from destructive people. â€Å"Some say the world will end in fire / Some say in ice† (line 1-2). The destructive people being the ones that have the desire to do potentially harming activities and cold feelings like fire and ice. Destructive desires could be polluting the world and harming people. â€Å"As the speaker indicates by the end of the poem, both emotions and conditions are potentially violent and sufficient to destroy the world† (Explanation of: â€Å"Fire and Ice†). â€Å"Mending Wall† was written in 1914 and describes a wall that separates neighbors. In a way the wall brings the neighbors together but it separates them more than anything. The only way it brings them together is the annual repairing of the stone wall. â€Å"I have come after them and made repair† (line 6). The theme of this poem is the unnecessary separation humans create between each other. The narrator doesn’t seem too sure of the tradition of repairing the stone wall and the narrator views the wall as useless and a hassle. â€Å"There where it is we do not need the wall† (line 23). The stone wall is the principal symbol of this poem and it represents the physical and psychological barrier between the neighbors. The gaps in the poem represent openings that could lead to new experiences. â€Å"Frost mischievously navigates through the many meanings and functions of boundaries; how they separate, unite, and ultimately, how they might mend† (Pe rlow and Furman). In conclusion, all three of these poems written by Robert Frost have completely different meanings but all three are clear, visual stories. Frost’s poetry has to be some of the most easily understood poetry and he doesn’t lack a use of imagery, theme, or symbols in his poetry. Robert Frost uses a major sense of reality throughout his poetry and embraces real world problems in his writing, which I’m sure is why many people consider him one of the greatest American poets of the twentieth century.

Home Is A Safe Haven - 769 Words

Home is a safe haven. A place where one should be able to go after a long hard day and unwind with whatever vices they so choose given they are legal. A place where one ought to feel protected and not judged; where your prospective on societal and political issues, political correctness, or even your commentary about mundane things should be voiced without fear of retaliation or consequences from the outside world. However, what happens when conversations and activities done in the privacy of your own home or outside of the workplace leak out? In recent media headlines we have seen just that; private conversations, emails and activities that were not intended for the workplace or mass media to discover being not only scrutinized, but carrying repercussions for those involved. Some have not only lost the respect of colleagues but have lost their careers. With this in mind, how an individual ought to conduct themselves in every situation is not outlined by the codes of ethics. Your translation of the various ethical codes are contingent upon your own ethical awareness and problem solving skills (Cory G et.al, 2015, p.6). In order for one to solve a problem, they must first identify the problem. In this scenario, the problem or dilemma is that I was offered a proposal to be provided with the answers to a game show in exchange for one hundred thousand dollars I would begin to consider the stakes for agreeing to be a part of a game show that has been rigged. After all, no oneShow MoreRelatedThe Sovereignty And Goodness Of God1127 Words   |  5 Pagesone can infer her place at home and how that changed as she became captive. It begins with her omission of the soldier’s failure to protect them from the Natives. While she writes about the horrendous death some soldiers receive, she does not mention much about their courage to protect the colonist. This can only be inferred as she begins her writing with the attack. 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Waco The Ultimate Deception Essay Research free essay sample

Waco The Ultimate Deception Essay, Research Paper Waco: The Ultimate Deception Liing on the cool cement floor, she eventually felt a sense of security. Could this perchance be the clip? She wondered if she was eventually traveling to see the truth he had been proclaiming all along. Suddenly, she felt the inevitable: decease. Although she was draped in cool, wet covers, the heat was turning stronger and stronger. She could experience the fires creaming at her pess and legs. Were the others incorrect? Is this what faith brings us? Today, grounds shows us the religion of the Branch Davidians and the utmost steps the authorities took to interrupt it. The state of affairs at Waco caused us to experience insecure and unsure of our authorities s judgement calls. First, the Branch Davidian was a aggregation of people from all over the universe, including the United States, Australia, Britain, Jamaica, and Canada. They were led by David Koresh, once known as Vernon Howell. Koresh, along with many of his followings believed he was the Messiah and the lone 1 who could convey truth to the human race. Harmonizing to The Book of Koresh, Koresh claimed he was composing a manuscript incorporating his reading of the Seven Seals of the Bible. This manuscript besides prophesied Koresh was the lamb of God ( 26 ) . Koresh had many different aspects to his personality and beliefs. He was highly knowing about the Bible. If you were to hear him expound Bibles, you d hold to be careful you would non be hypnotized. . . He s really, really, clever in the Bible ( Gent 42 ) . Most members of the Branch Davidians were former members of the Seven Day Adventist Church. Along with careful ticker of the Branch Davidian s religion and religious being, the members followed a rigorous diet and kept close path of their physical fittingness. Next, the events that occurred at Waco has left many unfastened spreads and unreciprocated inquiries. On April 19, Attorney General Janet Reno gave her permission to inculcate the compound with tear gas. Through much counciling and chew overing the authorities and its functionaries concocted a program that would cover a 48 hr period. The tear gas that was fired into the edifice, was to be launched utilizing Combat Engineering Vehicles. These vehicles were bought in merely for the event. Just proceedingss after 6 ante meridiem, people inside of the compound began firing at the combat vehicles. In an attempt to discontinue fires, the FBI or Federal Bureau of Investigation, began rupturing down the walls to assist the so called sureties. After the ordeal, the agents had depleted the full stock of their 400 case shots of tear gas. It seemed to be a deranged state of affairs. In an effort to run to safety, many of Koresh s followings ran to a concrete room hidden someplace in the compound and took screen under wet covers. While some tested to conceal, loyal members of the group began to distribute gasolene around the compound. Although there is still guess, it is unsure if this was agencies of perpetrating self-destruction or merely a recreation for the agents waiting outside. In one statement, the girl of a asleep member stated, I ve been stating the whole clip that they d commit self-destruction. . . I know my female parent wanted this. She was likely right up at that place in forepart. . . ( Jewell 42 ) . Still, other members of the cult wore gas masks and calmly proceeded with their regular jobs. When Koresh was found, 17 of his followings were found with him. All 17 endured gunshot lesions and died. Research workers are besides diffident if this was a self-destruction or if the shootings came from agents outside. When the last subsister, Ruth Riddle, was rescued, agents were handed a computing machine phonograph record. This phonograph record contained the information Koresh promised to the research workers, and what the agents believed to be non existent. This was Koresh s reading of the Seven Seals of the book of Revelations in the Bible. One functionary, by the name of Phillip Arnold, stated that composing the message meant everything to him. To the people inside, it meant that they could eventually come out. But it was excessively great a spring for the governments to understand that their beliefs intend that much to them ( Arnold 27 ) . In the terminal, more than 80 members of the Branch Davidian laid dead. A 3rd of the deceased were kids. Following, we must look at the authorities s intercession in the instance and why they chose to respond in the mode they did. In May of 1992, agents began a surveillance on David Koresh. A United Postal Services employee, who had made bringings to the compound, made a phone call to the Waco Police Department after surmising the compound of incorrect purposes. The local poli Ce so called the FBI who so began their ain probe. After analyzing the group, the FBI called the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, or the ATF. Koresh began transporting illegal and legal guns along with other arms and adequate stuffs to do unrecorded grenades, into a aggregation of other contraband. When intuitions began to lift, the ATF asked for military assistance in the probe of Koresh and his followings. However, in order to have military assistance, the ATF began to indicate out their concerns that the compound was being used as a Methedrine lab. Although the claim was made, no grounds was of all time drawn to back up it. Throughout all of this, the armed forces and Particular Forces were developing for the pending state of affairs. Particular Forces agents began pulling up programs. Military memos show agents received endorsing from seven Bradley Fighting Vehicles, or armored combat vehicles. They besides began intense boring in conflict preparation and medical emptyings. When land combat was initiated during the existent seize, three Texas National Guard choppers were brought in to do recreations. In order to acquire a better apprehension of Koresh and his talks, the FBI brought in aid from theologists. They helped the FBI in the apprehension of the Bibles Koresh professed yet, Koresh nor any of his followings were allowed to talk to the theologists themselves. In an effort to drive members out of the compound, agents began to play atrocious noises and music. Such noises included the sound of coneies being slaughtered. Harmonizing to the FBI: It would look that we may accidentally do his prophecy semen true, if we take what he perceives to be hostile or aggressive action. . . a mass self-destruction by Koresh can non be discounted ( qtd. in Leiby A1 ) . On March 11, the electricity running to the compound was ordered shut off in another effort to drive people out. However, this effort besides failed. On April 1, Koresh made contact with the FBI, stating them he would comince composing a papers known as The Book of Koresh, every bit shortly as the jubilation of the Passover had ended. Not cognizing the jubilation would last for eight yearss, the FBI began to lose forbearance. While speaking to the FBI on April 16, Koresh stated he would give the completed papers to his lawyers. I m coming out. . . I neer intended to decease here ( Koresh A1 ) . Finally, we take a expression at our authorities s errors. The events of the three-month probe has left many unreciprocated inquiries and caused much guess. New grounds in the instance has shown the effects of the tear gas used in efforts to run Koresh s followings out. Harmonizing to the sum-up of Feuding over Waco, a narrative that left the FBI with a bad repute, claims they deployed two tear gas capsules which set fire to the compound ( 29 ) . When such grounds was brought to Janet Reno, she seemed amazed and remarked she was Very, really disquieted ( Reno 30 ) . Reno besides states that after seven old ages of uncertainness she is set out to happen the truth. I don t think this is a affair of choler. . . This is a affair of acquiring to the truth. And whatever I am, I am every bit dedicated as I possibly can be to acquiring to the truth ( Reno 29 ) . Yet, the FBI and ATF stands house. Harmonizing to the sum-up of The Ghosts of Waco, the FBI states the tear gas used on the twenty-four hours of the foray could non hold been the triping factor for the fire merely because the fire started hours after the tear gas was deployed into the compound. They claim that they have strong grounds to demo that Koresh and his followings started the fire ( 36 ) . Allegations such as these could non hold come at a worse clip for governments. A unlawful decease suit has been filed against the FBI. Two-hundred members of other Branch Davidians and lasting household members of the deceased are actioning for $ 100 million. They claim the FBI added to the already high decease canvass, entrapped the other followings, and did non let the local fire section to set out the blaze fire. The authorities has no credibleness ( Phillips 36 ) . Therefore, as one can see, our authorities made finally incorrect determinations as a consequence of hapless judgement and deficiency of cognition. Possibly the senseless slaughtering of human lives could hold been avoided by simple process tactics. In the hereafter, we may anticipate a decrease of such mindless and careless incidents. Although the system is perceptually flawed, it is the lone induction that stands between justness and the felon Acts of the Apostless that are a portion of mundane life. The lone manner to alter the system is to larn from the past and alter our hereafter.