How to Improve public Schools Essay Example for Free

Step by step instructions to Improve state funded Schools Essay Since the seventeenth century, American government funded schools have given its kids an awesome chance of getting free instruction that guarantees a general comprehension of different subjects, for example, arithmetic and writing giving a great many ages the establishment of information. Government funded schools have made a few positive jumps since its asking from showing just guys understudies to showing all sexual orientations, just as turning out to be integrated in 1969. Government funded schools give a genuine feelings of serenity to guardians who want the best for their kids since they give state confirmed instructors, free transportation, extra-curricular and after school programs, and are responsible to the state (web). Most quite, open secondary schools plan understudies for life after school and gives an establishment to promote instruction; notwithstanding, behind all the great parts of government funded schools there are sure drawbacks that can impede the scholastic advancement of an understudy. Guardians just as understudies ought to know about these hindrances that include: underfunded schools might not have certain materials or may need to cut a few projects and a lot of accentuation on state administered test that makes a great deal of weight on understudies and prevents their learning condition. Thinking about such hindrances, guardians and understudies may ponder â€Å"how would we be able to unravel this dilemma?† Nationalizing government funded school financing and giving less class and state sanctioned test so as to permit understudies to concentrate on learning the educational program are the two stages and proposition that can possibly settle the irksome inconveniences of state funded schools. Various schools in various locales and states get a wide scope of subsidizing which makes a contention where a few schools are underfunded while other are prosperous. The schools that are underfunded may not get certain materials that are basic for the course which hurt the way toward learning for some understudies. A few schools are underfunded to such an extent that they result to disposing of specific courses or projects. About portion of the subsidizing for government funded schools in the United States are given however neighborhood charges, creating enormous contrasts in financing among rich and ruined networks. There have been endeavors make government funded school financing progressively fair yet have just incited contention. A few people, for example, Eric Hanushek, contend that albeit various schools get distinctive measure of subsidizing, the measure of cash spent isn't â€Å"systematically identified with studentâ achievement,† along these lines the wide scope of state funded school financing isn't an issue. Then again, individuals, for example, commentators Rob Greenwald, Larry Hedges, and Richard Laine adherent that â€Å"s chool assets are efficiently identified with understudy achievement,† and hence school financing is instructively significant. Albeit government funded schools in the Unites States are subsidized from administrative, state and neighborhood sources, the assets from nearby property charges creates huge financing contrasts. An intelligent proposition to take care of this issue would to nationalize government funded school financing along these lines each state funded school contingent upon its level ( rudimentary, center/junior, high, foundation, and so forth.) would get a similar measure of subsidizing which would wipe out the distinctions of subsidizing for various locales. A few guardians may contend that their neighborhood property charges are higher than others thus it ought to go towards the financing for their child’s state funded school subsidizing; in any case, in the event that school subsidizing is nationalized and normalized, at that point each school in any case the area would get enough subsidizing to make sure about satisfactory training for all kids. Likewise, assets from nearby property charges could be utilized to better individual networks, for example, building parks or network structures just as giving better streets as opposed to subsidizing government funded schools. Government charges may ascend due to nationalizing state funded school subsidizing anyway it is for a decent purpose which is furnishing all understudies of America with an equivalent chance to an incredible training; anyway this proposition will be hard to sanction since it requires to administrative endorsement and may set aside some effort to turn into a law. Numerous petitions should be made alongside a large number of marks so there would be a ton of help required to order nationalizing government funded school subsidizing yet whenever achieved it would set a solid establishment for information all through the country. With the formation of the No Child Left Behind act supported by president Bush, there has been an expanding accentuation on state sanctioned testing for government funded schools that has eventually impeded the learning condition by narrowing the educational program, instructing to the test, and decreasing the adoration for realizing which helps drive understudies out of school explicitly secondary school understudies. In a few classes, the educational program is shown dependent on the most extreme potential for understudies to breeze through normalized assessment. This has made a kind of educate to go rather than instruct to learn class routine among a few educators. Thus, a few understudies pass up significant data due to theâ narrowed educational program by dispensing with exercises not expected to breeze through a specific normalized assessment. The weight put of understudies these days ,particularly in secondary schools, can be very overpowering and be a driving component for a few dropouts. Obviously understudies don't chose to dropout of school exclusively on the huge accentuation on government sanctioned testing yet it is hard to contend that it doesn't put a ton of weight on understudies who are as of now battling to pass. The disturbing accentuation on high-stakes government sanctioned testing has gotten clear to students,parents, just as enactment thus there have been occasions that hap pened with the reason to decrease the accentuation of testing. For instance, the Senate Education Committee passed a bill that â€Å"eliminated the utilization of scores on state sanctioned test,† that would decide whether a huge number of schools were to be viewed as coming up short or not. In spite of the fact that this is a noteworthy advance to reducing the force set by state administered test scores it doesn't take care of the issue of the inadvertent blow-back in government funded schools brought about by an excessive amount of testing. To be sure, tests are imperative to decide whether an understudy is learning and not just sitting in class staring off into space of unimportant things; besides, understudies should stress over test and endeavor to make passing marks on them. The issue with testing isn't its reality however its power and value. In the normal class, test scores are worth a lot more contrasted with class work and schoolwork. This places an immense weight on understudies to past test in this manner they center just arou nd test scores as opposed to learning the material and applying what they have figured out how to genuine circumstances. Government sanctioned test are significant in deciding the advancement of individual understudies and schools and in this manner ought not be wiped out anyway states should set at least high-stake state administered test. For instance there ought to be a limit of one finish of guidance test for significant subjects and additional test that are not legitimately applicable to the educational plan, for example, benchmark tests ought to be wiped out. The points of interest of such a strategy ought to be left to be controlled by the states because of the trouble to uphold it as a government strategy. To make a state law that put a base on government sanctioned test would require some time, petitions, and persuading for specific individuals yet the last achievement would carry less worry to understudies and advance a superior learning condition. State educational committees ought to likewise partition the level of estimation of schoolwork, classwork, interest grades, just as class test sim ilarly. This would allowâ student to concentrate on the significant of turning in schoolwork, taking an interest in class, and test similarly instead of pushing when a test is wanting it could impressively hurt their evaluation in the class. Reducing the accentuation of test both normalized and class test would permit understudies to concentrate on the material being instructed just as permit educators to improve the educational plan to give the most ideal instructive to their understudies. Understudies can significantly profit by the past attainable proposition if they somehow happened to be authorized. By passing a government law that embraces a nationalized bureaucratic financing of state funded schools instead of leaving half of state funded school subsidizing to nearby property burdens, all American state funded schools would get an equivalent measure of financing to use for human expressions, after school programs, scholarly innovation, or school remodels that all advance a heather an d all the more captivating learning condition for all understudies. Despite the fact that the procedure to get a bill that would uphold a completely government subsidizing of all state funded school passed by congress would require significant investment and a ton of exertion, it would give fairness to every single government funded school paying little heed to notoriety or area giving understudies an equivalent chance. Setting a base on the measure of government sanctioned test required by state funded schools inside each state just as making the estimation of class tests towards an understudies generally speaking evaluation equivalent to schoolwork and classwork would decrease the pressure welcomed on my an excessive amount of accentuation on testing which would permit understudies to concentrate on their eduction rather than basically breezing through the assessment. Such an approach would require a few petitions and time to make sense of what tests are increasingly basic and which test could be disposed of; in any case, it would extraordinarily lessen the pressure of school making it all the more satisfying and permit educators to give the most ideal training to their understudies. These approaches can help improve the American government funded educational system by permitting every understudy to exploit a learning based eduction that gives the information expected to succeed and have a beneficial outcome on our regularly evolving world.

Emersons definition of experience :: essays research papers

The genuine significance of life dependent on experiences†¦ What right? This is an inquiry which numerous individuals commit their lives into replying. Ralph Waldo Emerson is one of only a handful rare sorts of people who has prevailing with regards to responding to this inquiry. He meshed his answer into a long and dreary exposition, which is called â€Å"Experience†. The main destruction from this work is that it’s exclusively from his point of view, and doesn’t incorporate different people’s thoughts just as his. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emerson accepts that individuals don’t have the individualistic quality. Everybody is excessively centered around the activities and assessments of every other person, and should take an increasingly close to home position for once. We copy individuals an excess of on the grounds that we accept that we will profit if we’re equivalent to the larger part. We are on the whole people and have our own sentiments, and we should grasp them! &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Emerson additionally accepts that individuals are diverse, and in this way experience difficulty joining as one society. Be that as it may, he clarifies how where it counts everybody has a foundation of solidarity, and truly need to join as one. This is another motivation behind why a few people attempt to duplicate others. We figure that on the off chance that we are no different, we will be joined together. Be that as it may, this isn't the situation, in light of the fact that our sentiments and convictions disrupt the general flow. We want to accept, and due to this solid drive, we long to push ahead. We pine for to have the option to waltz up the steps, and draw nearer and closer to our fantasies. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;People gain insight and information through what they experience. They increase significant fundamental abilities by really seeing occasions direct. On the off chance that society were just to learn out of a course reading, everybody would be exhausting and totally uneven. Our encounters help to shape our ‘clay of identity’. Rather than avoiding ghastly encounters, we should attempt to gain from them, and consolidate the ethics into our day by day lives. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ralph Waldo Emerson’s composing style is extremely profound and significant, and addressed the subject of what the <a href=http://www.

Everything You Need to Know About Early Action Admission Notifications

Everything You Need to Know About Early Action Admission Notifications The college admissions process is a big game of hurry up and wait. Hurry to get your apps in on time, and then wait for months to hear back. It can be stressful, so here are a few things to keep in mind as the decision release day gets closer. Friday the 13th Decisions will be released on Friday, December 13 at 4:00 p.m. All decisions will be posted via your myIllini account, which leads me to my next tip Your myIllini Account I highly encourage you to log in to your myIllini account before December 13 to ensure you can access it. If you applied via Coalition, we have created a myIllini account for you. Your username is the email address you used when you applied. Accepting Your Offer You can accept your offer right away. Though its not required, there are some benefits to accepting your offer early on. Ultimately, you will need to make a decision no later than May 1, the National College Decision Day. Financial Aid Scholarship Information Financial aid and scholarship information will not be included in your offer of admission. That information will come to you later in the spring. You can refer to the Office of Student Financial Aid for more information. If you have not completed your FAFSA yet, I highly recommend that you do so as soon as possible. To learn more about submitting your FAFSA and applying for scholarships, check out our guide to paying for college. Keeping Cool Please be patient and dont hit refresh multiple times! Many people will be checking their myIllini accounts all at once, so it may be slower than usual to load. If youre experiencing technical difficulties, I recommend trying a different browser and being patient with our system. Your Next Steps Theres only one thing you have to do right now: relax. Your application is in, so use this time to take a deep breath and stop worrying for a little bit. If you dont believe me, then read more about why you dont have to stress when youre waiting to hear back from Illinois. Questions? Call Us! We are here to help. You can reach us at 217-333-0302 or admissions@illinois.edu. Our office hours are 8:30 to 5:00 p.m. CST, and we are happy to help you with anything you may need. Brian Senior Associate Director of Recruitment Outreach, Undergraduate Admissions I'm here to help high school students and their families navigate the college search process. An Illinois alumnus (LAS ’02), I had the honor to play football for the Orange and Blue.

Political Figures Henry Clay And Andrew Jackson - 1232 Words

Final Paper One of the biggest rivalries in the United States Government that still impacts how the country operates today is between political figures Henry Clay and Andrew Jackson. Although Henry Clay never made it into presidency, he made many impactful decisions and events on behalf of our country. During the mid 1800’s, there was a rapid change in the economics, demographics, and social aspects of the growing United States deeply affecting the lives of citizens. At the root of these issues, Jackson and Clay worked at odd ends to influence how the country operates. Living following the American Revolutionary times, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay dominated in the country’s politics. According to Henry L. Watson in Andrew Jackson vs. Henry Clay: Democracy and Development in Antebellum America, the two men started out as prominent and â€Å"devoted† lawyers in the south, as well as owners of plant farms and â€Å"slaveholders† (Watson 1). Jackson and Clay also played major roles in the â€Å"creation of America’s two party system† during the growing tension over Democracy (Watson 1). As individuals, the men appealed greatly to the ordinary voters wants for America’s future as well as promoted economic development. During the mid 1800’s, many changes were happening in the nation. To start off, economic development was a major concern. The Cotton Kingdom was becoming dominant in the Southern economy and slavery was still expanding. Andrew Jackson â€Å"and his supporters† believed â€Å"that theShow MoreRelatedFreedom, Liberty, and Independence 1302 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the Jacksonian era, Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay, along with countless other Americans, held strong in their beliefs and the pursuit of their individual rights of freedom, liberty, and independence. The Jacksonian period was a time in American history that has been personified as a time of extreme change and upheaval in the areas of economic growth, political interests, and expansion. It was the tremendous shifts in these areas that threatened to surpass and exceed the very principles ofRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The United States Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesSpanish government up to a total of $5 million and relinquishing its own claims on parts of Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase. 1824 Election John Quincy Adams vs. Andrew Jackson (and William H. Crawford and Henry Clay); John Quincy is elected by decision of the House of Representatives; only election in which the presidency had to be decided by the House because no candidate received a majority of electoral college votes and the only electionRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1523 Words   |  7 PagesAndrew Jackson was born on March 15, 1767 to Scots-Irish colonists Andrew and Elizabeth Hutchinson Jackson in the mountains between North and South Carolina. Jackson was born into poverty and as a result received very little education growing up. When The British invaded the Carolinas around 1780, Jackson’s mother and two brothers were killed during the conflict and British soldiers took the young Andrew Jackson prisoner, leaving him with a lifelong hostility toward Great Britain. In 1781, JacksonRead MoreA Just Leader, Henry Clay922 Words   |  4 PagesA Just Leader, Henry Clay Former Secretary of State, Henry clay, was born on April 12, 1777 in Hanover County, Virginia. Henry Clay’s parents were Reverend John Clay and Elizabeth Hudson Clay and in addition to him they had six children. Reverend John Clay died in 1781 when Henry Clay was only four years old. His father’s death resulted in a meager upbringing in which continued even when his mother remarried. As a young boy, he obtained a public education in a small rural school in Virginia andRead MoreAndrew Jackson s Influence On American History1368 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Jackson is probably one of the most influential and possibly one of the most dynamic figures in American history. He was a great general and fine president. Although branded with unpleasant baggage of the infamous â€Å"trail of tears†, and furrowing the nation into its first economic depression (which his successor Van Buren who caught the panic of 1837). Andrew Jackson accomplished so much for the United Sta tes that he changed the â€Å"American Dream† into what is it today, by emphasizing any personRead MoreOn March 28, 1834, A Storm Arrived The United States Took1673 Words   |  7 PagesOn March 28, 1834, a storm arrived The United States took an unpresented action but it has never been repeated. Political war was a downpour in Washington, a war against the Democratic Party and the Whig Party when the Senate decided that taking ten weeks to deliberate on what ended as one paragraph was a good idea, it was just too important to ignore. Through, this single message these lawmakers wanted to send a message to the President of the United States or ‘Caesar’ as some were calling him,Read MoreValidity And Reliability Of The Election Of 18241381 Words   |  6 Pagesof the conclusions. The sources I used to reach those conclusions are qualitative and they aim to understand why the elections have turned out the way they ultimately did. Some numerical data exists for the 2000 election and I will utilize those figures in relation to that election to explore corruption. While the information will be helpful in further understanding one election it will not be when comparing all elections. This type of research is not definitive and I suspect it would be difficultRead MoreThe Equitable Change Of The Voting And Race Laws1599 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Awakening, drove by Methodists and Baptists, changed the religious scene. Another political gathering, the Democrats, had blended around Andrew Jackson, coming full circle in his race as President in 1828 and disparaging the Adams organization s vision of patriotism. The 1828 race was a watershed in constituent history, engaging the masses and focusing on identities, not issues. The ascent of political gatherings as the key sorting out unit of the Second (Two) Party System spoke to a sharpRead MoreChanging Politics And The Second Party System1323 Words   |  6 Pagesa series of changes that would greatly impact the way society viewed and dealt with politics. Two factors of this change involved the development of internal improvements such as the Erie Canal and the way influential politicians like Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay responded to them. Carol Sherriff explores the former factor in her book The Artificial River: The Erie Canal and the Paradox of Progress, 1817-1862. She discusses how the Erie brought about conflicting changes in the economics, politicsRead More President Andrew Jackson Essay2140 Words   |  9 PagesPresident AJ Andrew Jackson was born in 1767, and grew up in the border of North and South Carolina. He attended frontier schools and acquired the reputation of being fiery-tempered and willing to fight all comers. He also learned to read, and he was often called on by the community to read aloud the news from the Philadelphia papers. In 1775, with the beginning of the American Revolution, Andrew Jackson, then only 13 years old became an orderly and messenger. He took part in the Battle

Essay on The Witches Play the Greatest Part in Macbeth’s...

The witches are the first characters we see in the play in Act one Scene one- A prologue of evil. They plan to meet Macbeth when the fighting has finished. â€Å"When the hurly Burley’s done† From the very beginning of the play the witches are planning to give Macbeth the news of his future and so lead to his downfall. They speak to each other about their next action, to meet with Macbeth. The setting in which Shakespeare first presents the witches is On the Moor with thunder and lightening in the background. It is unusual the way the three witches meet in a storm. This atmosphere implies that the witches are frightening and its very location ‘On the Moor’ a remote and isolated waste land area, gives a scary feeling. The witches talk to†¦show more content†¦They plant ideas in his head, or perhaps draw out ideas which were in his head already. First witch, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!† Second witch, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor!† Third witch, â€Å"All hail, Macbeth! that shalt be King hereafter.† The words â€Å"that shalt be King hereafter,† I think have a very important part in the downfall of Macbeth. These five words have placed an idea in Macbeth’s mind, or else brought to fruition an idea which was hidden in there already. From this point onwards Macbeth’s ambition is to become King at any cost. They greet him as Thane of Glamis (which he already is,) Thane of Cawdor (which he doesn’t yet know about,) and ‘King’ hereafter. Banquo asks Macbeth why he starts and seems to fear (obviously Macbeth has guilty thoughts and the prophecies prick his conscience.) Banquo asked if the witches were imaginary or as real as they seem to be. He says that they greeted his friend (Macbeth) with his present titles, with prophecy of future nobility and with promise of royalty. He seems amazed. In contrast Macbeth is stunned to silence by their prophecies, while Banquo questions them calmly, showing that the witches don’t have the same affect on him. Macbeth is fascinated by what he has heard and wants to hear more. â€Å"Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more.† He says, by his fathers he knowsShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Lightness And Darkness988 Words   |  4 Pagesimplemented by Shakespeare in the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, foreshadowing Macbeth’s downfall? As many can identify conspicuous examples of light and darkness through characterization, the play has many hidden foreshadowing signifiers. Although many overlook the imagery created through the light and darkness in Macbeth, Shakespeare places these examples strategically to make readers pay close attention to particular parts in the play. A passageway was created for Macbeth’s downfall not only through the charactersRead MoreDownfall of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1041 Words   |  5 PagesDownfall of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth This play is a tragedy. In this essay I will discuss what effect the witches, lady Macbeth and Macbeth have on the rise and fall of Macbeth. Macbeth at the beginning of the play is successful warrior in the Scottish army. The king of Scotland, Duncan, hears of Macbeths bravery and he calls him a Valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman! (Act 1 scene 2, line 24). This shows that the king of Scotland regards MacbethRead MoreLady Macbeth Is Responsible for the Fall of Macbeth899 Words   |  4 Pagesbelieve that the witches played a huge part in the fall of Macbeth. The witches put the thought of being king into Macbeth’s head in the first place. They also convinced him that he was invincible and this caused his ultimate death. I believe that Lady Macbeth is partly responsible for the fall of Macbeth. She plans and forces Macbeth to murder starting the chain reaction to his downfall. When Lady Macbeth read the letter that Macbeth sent her about his encounter with the witches she immediatelyRead MoreMacbeth1203 Words   |  5 Pagesknown for his significant amount of bravery and loyalty as a character in the play The Tragedy of Macbeth. Even though Macbeth has all the significant qualities of an average known hero, he also inherits bad ambitions throughout the story from three ornery witches that influence mischief upon his character. The witches reconstruct Macbeth’s ambitions from good to evil with the promise of power and riches. The evil witches help construct the storyline of Macbeth, and without them the story line wouldRead MoreAmbition: The Destruction of Shakespeare’s Macbeth Essay1182 Words   |  5 Pagestragedies is that of Macbeth. It is also known as â€Å"the Scottish play,† primarily because of its Scottish setting and because it is based loosely after the life of a real King Macbeth of Scotland. (Mendham) This play is cons idered a tragedy because the protagonist of the play, Macbeth, will suffer a terrible downfall as the result of his actions. From the beginning of the play, Shakespeare effectively establishes the atmosphere of the play as one of doom and despair, where even nature is at war withRead MoreThree Witches and Macbeth2956 Words   |  12 Pages Everybody knows that a play is more restrained than a novel because it is written to be performed in less than three hrs. That is why it should attract the viewer and engage his or her attention from the beginning. That makes the opening scene of any play of such a great importance. The opening scene in a play acts as an expository scene that introduces the audience to the background of the play, its hero, and hints at the main theme. Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists who wrote theRead MoreAppearance Vs. Reality Of Macbeth Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pagesknowing the reality of a situation, people’s thoughts are sometimes shifted to see only what they appear, leaving them blindsided to the real truth behind whats really going on. Appearance versus Reality is first seen when king Duncan misjudges Macbeth’s intentions and is blindsided to his desire to become king, ultimately leading to his death. Secondly, when Banquo put trust in Macbeth, his poor judgement to see that Macbeth would to anything to secure the throne led him to his death. Finally, whenRead MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Instances of imagery and symbolism are seen throughout the play. Imagery and symbolism are unavoidableRead MoreMacbeth: The Evil Within Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesIt is evident from the beginning of the play that Macbeth is sheltering something sinister within him. At that moment, it can only be guessed as to what it is, but as the play moves along this terrible feeling grows and feeds on Macbeth’s paranoia and his disappointment with life as a whole. Macbeth gradually goes on both a literal and figurative life journey, with its disappointments and joys. Strangely, though, Macbeth is not pleased by these accomplishments, and only seeks more. There are multipleRead MoreMacbeth by William Shakespeare1075 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are different rank and class systems that distinguish groups of people. Ambition -- the quest for power – is an internal drive that is embedded in every one of us. It motivates us to improve our selves. Ambition can lead to corruption as in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, where the main character Macbeth is driven by his ambition and eventually becomes corrupt. Macbeth chooses to let ambition override his humanity in order to achieve and maintain the throne which ultimately leads to his

Beauty the Evolution of Perception Free Essays

Vennette Gonzalez Mr. Warner English 111 (032W) 19 November 2012 â€Å"Beauty†: The evolution of perception When looking in the past to see how people lived and viewed the world, there is one commonality that stands out. A woman’s beauty says a lot on how the culture and the people of that society perceived themselves and others. We will write a custom essay sample on Beauty: the Evolution of Perception or any similar topic only for you Order Now These past perceptions affect how current society and culture is perceived not only by the individuals of our generation but by our future generations as well. This paper will address how we as society view beauty as it has changed over a period of time, how these changes came about, and how the media played a role in this beauty evolution. How this beauty evolution begins starts in childhood. One of the first memories that children have is the reading of fairy tales. These stories set a foundation as to what we perceive as beauty. â€Å"Children’s media has been found to be powerfully responsive to social change and not simply in a way that mirrors society (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 714). With this early exposure to what is portrayed as beauty, it is established early in the developmental years of childhood of how a woman should look as well as act. â€Å"Children’s fairy tales can provide insight into the dynamic relationship between gender, power, and culture as well as the cultural and social significance of beauty to women’s lives (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 712). The cultural and social significance can be se en as â€Å"girls and boys are taught specific messages concerning the importance of women’s bodies and women’s attractiveness (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 724). † These fairy tales were created to accommodate the cultural values and conflicts of the era, and establish the values of what our society deems as appropriate and what is acceptable for our young children to grow into as well as establishing a baseline for beauty. As our children grow, they carry these values and ideals with them. These fairy tales portray women as meek and powerless, who are damsels in distress in need of a knight in shining armor. With maturity some of these values and ideals change; however, Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz state that â€Å"The feminine beauty ideal is the socially constructed notion that physical attractiveness is one of woman’s most important assets, and something all women should strive to achieve and maintain (711). This belief is still prevalent in today’s society. This does not mean that â€Å"there is a direct relationship between cultural values concerning feminine beauty and women’s behavior and identities, but the feminine beauty ideal may operate indirectly as a means of social control insofar as women’s concern with physical appearance (beauty), absorbs resources (money, energy, time) that could otherwise be spent enhancing their social status (Baker-Sperry and Grauerhol z 723). The impacts of this ideal feminine beauty not only affect our children, but it also affects how they perceive themselves and how the future generations will perceive us. â€Å"The feminine beauty ideal can be seen as a normative means of social control, where by social control is accomplished through the internalization of values and norms that serve to restrict women’s lives (Baker-Sperry and Grauerholz 712). This ultimately means that girls who are exposed to these fairy tales develop a belief that there are certain expectations that need to be upheld and if these expectations are not met then they will lack the power to succeed. â€Å"Workers of above average beauty earn about 10 to 15 percent more than workers of below average beauty. The size of this beauty premium is economically significant and comparable to the race and gender gaps in the U. S. labor market (Mobius and Rosenblat 222). According to Naomi Wolf â€Å"More women have more power and scope and le gal recognition that we have ever had before; but in terms of how we feel about ourselves physically, we may actually be worse off (Wolf 16)† She also goes on to state â€Å"There is no legitimate historical or biological justification for the beauty myth; what it is doing to women today is a result of nothing more exalted than the need of today’s power structure, economy and culture to mount a counteroffensive against women (Wolf 19). † Due to this, beauty is now linked with power in the sense that the more beautiful you are the more powerful you are. This idea that beauty is power became more noticeable during the woman’s movement according to Wolf (19). She states that â€Å"By the time the women’s movement had made inroads into the labor market, both women and men were accustomed to having beauty evaluated as wealth (Wolf 26). † This influx of women in the work force changed how young girls related to the fairy tales they once read. They no longer had to portray the roles of the damsel in distress, but had to use their beauty to gain power and attention. This evolution from the damsel has led to a more independent woman who uses her beauty to get what she needs. â€Å"Before women entered the work force in large numbers, there was a clearly defined class of those explicitly paid for their â€Å"beauty†: workers in the display professions-fashion mannequins, actress, dancers, and higher paid sex workers such as escorts. Until women’s emancipation, professional beauties were usually anonymous, low in status, un-respectable (Wolf 33). † Now our young girls want to look like all the actresses, musicians, models etc†¦ that they see on TV, movies and in magazines. I think these changes occurred once the fairy tales were no longer in written media, where we used what was written down and our imagination to create our ideal of beauty. Once these fairytales became a visual (movies, TV. and magazines) our young girls wanted to copy what they saw. In 1969 Vogue offered a new look for women’s magazines (Wolf 73). â€Å"Vogue began to focus on the body as much as the clothes, in part because there was little they could dictate with the anarchic styles (Wolf 73). † â€Å"The number of diet related articles rose 70 percent from 1968 to 1972. Articles on dieting in the popular press soared from 60 in the year 1979 to 66 in the month of January 1980 alone. By 1984, 300 diet books were on the shelves (Wolf 73-74). † The timing of this influx of dieting articles is due to the popularity of a model named Lesley Lawson otherwise known as Twiggy. She hit the height of her career in 1966 where she was on the cover of Vogue magazine. She was the ideal beauty of that era where being boyishly thin was in. Whereas a decade before having womanly curves was the idea of what beauty was for example the pin-up girl Betty Grable. She was what was considered the ideal of that era. The images of both of these women show the significance of how models, actress and movie stars affect the women and youth of our society. Both of these women were portrayed in women’s magazines or movies. â€Å"A woman reading Glamor is holding women-oriented mass culture between her two hands (Wolf 76). † With the mass media evolving and able to mass produce the media quicker than ever, the new ideals of what our young women view as beauty changes at an even more rapid pace. With the introduction of the internet mass media is now instant, and on demand. Glamour, beauty and the perfect body: these are the values upheld within our culture as necessary to the fulfillment of desirable femininity (Wark 41). † With this beauty evolution consistently changing it also reflects the changes in the values that we as a society hold. The mass media will always be an integral part of our Beauty evolution as it reflects society ’s values. Works Cited Baker-Sperry, Lori, and Liz Grauerholz. â€Å"The Pervasiveness and Persistance of the Feminine Beauty Ideal in Children’s Fairy Tales. † Gender and Society 17. 5 (Oct 2003): 711-726. http://www. jstor. org/stable/3594706. Web. 19 November 2012. Fox, Greer Litton. Nice Girl: Social control of women through a value construct. † Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 2 (1977): 805-817. Print. Mobius, Markus M. , and Tanya S. Rosenblat. â€Å"Why Beauty Matters. † American Economic Review 96. 1 (2006): 222-235. http://www. jstor. org/stable/30034362. Web. 19 November 2012. Wark, Jayne. â€Å"Wendy Geller’s 48 hour Beauty Blitz: Gender, Class and the Pleasures of popular Culture. † Art Journal 56. 4 (1997): 41-47. http://www. jstor. org/stable/777719. Web. 19 November 2012. Wolf, Naomi. The Beauty Myth: How images of Beauty are used against Women. New York: HarperCollins, 2002. PDF File. How to cite Beauty: the Evolution of Perception, Essay examples

Workplace Communication And Challenges †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Communication And Challenges. Answer: Introduction The process in which the information is exchanged in an organization is termed as workplace communication. It could be both verbal and non-verbal. Sharing information may take place within as well as outside of an organization for commercial benefits to serve (Bull Brown, 2012). An organization consisted of diverse employees from different language group and cultural background has necessity to communicate in a way that both the sender and the receiver are able to understand the meaning of a massage, thus able to fulfill the companys objective. The effective workplace communication ensures this (Ulmer, Sellnow Seeger, 2013). Communication challenges may occur in a workplace when there are some barriers for effective communication (Modaff, Butler DeWine, 2016). In a multinational organization of manufacturer and distributor of agricultural equipments, has eight thousand employees in total and operates in various counties of the world is facing number of communication challenges. However, it has both local and international clients. The communication challenges include lack of timely communication, communication breakdown from top management to stuffs and vice-versa, ineffective communication due to local languages and cross-cultural issues, limited development in digital literacy. The purpose of this report is to investigate the above-mentioned challenges faced by this multinational company in the context of workplace communication and develop strategies to overcome such barriers, aiming on the strategies developed by other organizations to face similar challenges and improve workplace communication. This report will be presented to the manager of the company and helpful for developing an effective communication system at all level within the organization. Discussion: communication on time Efficient communication on time from the managers to staffs and clients in a workplace helps to increase the productivity of the organization. It influences directly the behavioral patterns of the staffs and clients and in return, the overall benefits of the organization will be increased (Williams, 2013). Efficient communication does not only include the clear instruction or proper explanation of the massage. Rather, if the massage is not delivered on time, the issue will directly reflect on the cooperative systems of the organization. In fact, it could create mess and inefficient productivity rate. Any organization works well with employees in a structure of mutual relation and cooperation. The information not only should pass through genuinely to all its employees, but it should be sent and received on time. The manager of any organization should take responsibility to deliver it in the hierarchical order and observe weather it has been delivered on time (Robles, 2012). Due to lack of on time communication to all its stuffs and clients in the organization of agricultural equipments manufacturer and distributor, the organization is facing communication challenges. This organization has local and international clients and various offices in different parts of the world. However, the information in this case, should be delivered when exact time has arrived as different parts of the world bears different time zones. For example, it has offices in both India and Australia. India is four hours and thirty minutes behind Australia. However, the information delivery time in this case automatically will be different. The leaders or managers of the organization should consider precise timely communication at all level in the organization. Otherwise, if the employees and clients do not get information, where and when they need it; the decision-making procedure will be slowing down. It will directly affect the productivity of the organization, as projects will n ot be completed on time due to delay of information provided. Successful organizations have challenged this problem by providing clear, honest and timely communication to all its stuffs and clients, keeping in mind the time zones and location (ARVANITIS SAKELLARIOU, 2014). Even, the managers should ensure that if an employee is not present in the place and time of delivery, he is getting the massage later. In this situation, the information should always be available to all their employees and clients through emails (Cummings Worley, 2014). The multinational company in the case study should take strategies like what other successful organization have taken to overcome such problem. It is suggested to connect with all the stuffs and clients by emails all the time and management should strict about timely delivery of information. Communication breakdown from top management to staffs and vice-versa Effective and clear communication with the employees from top management and vice-versa is one of the most important things that engage employees and management to work together for higher production. This is a part of internal workforce communication system in an organization (Lockwood, 2015). The more the rate of internal communication is higher, the more productivity is obtaining (Alexander, 2013). In situation when the information is not received given by top management system to all its employees and top management also not in a position of getting the feedback of the information given by the employees can be described as a horrible situation of communication breakdown in an organization. However, it is the responsibility of the management department to check whether the information is clearly reached with accuracy (Blyton et al., 2017). Any changes in plan or idea taken by the management should be communicated to all its employees and provided with upward communication system w here employees have opportunities to share their thoughts to the management. The good leaders in organizations plan for both ways communication that is effective in nature (Eunson, 2012). High-performing multinational companies like Philips used some strategies to overcome internal communication breakdown. The leaders in the company always use simple languages clearly and avoid ambiguous words. The management should ensure that the massage is understood with the same intention the speaker is indented for. It could be done by asking questions or active listening. Another way to overcome communication breakdown is keeping the organizational structure as simple as possible (Blyton et al., 2017). The optimum level of number of hierarchies in an organization, the less the number of communication breakdown occurs. The managers also should select proper medium of communication. Simple information should be given orally otherwise, memos, notice, emails or other written means of communication could be used. Internal communication from management to employees and vice-versa in top ranking companies helps to both parties to understand its business, its culture and values, progre ss towards the goals and the way in which employees can improve their performances. The multinational company in the case study is facing problems related to internal communication breakdown. It is suggested to the leaders to use simple and clear languages in case of communication and they have to sure about a fact that the meaning of the massage is communicated precisely and timely. Getting feedbacks from clients Feedback is the basic and spontaneous response of the receiver. It informs the sender about how the communication is accepted. Feedback from clients about a product is taken as valuable information as important decisions in the organization could take place based upon feedback. Effective feedback helps the giver, receiver and the organization (Quintanilla Wahl 2015). In this case study, communication challenges occur for receiving feedbacks from clients regarding improvement in product quality and service delivery. The clients are local and international and their feedback plays an important role to ensure improvement. Their valuable outcomes about a product contribute in making the most important decisions and changes within an organization. Due to diversification in clients, it is important to understand the communication languages the clients are delivering (Blyton et al., 2017). Email could be the best method of receiving feedback in this scenario. It is suggested to improve the technological structure and routes of the company for getting feedback at right time. Top-ranking multinational companies impose great importance about clients feedback. They maintain a kind of open communication system where the organization is selling the product and in response, the clients are giving feedbacks about the product. It is the responsibility of the company to provide a clear system of open communication to ensure the clients feedback is received on time (Modaff, Butler DeWine, 2016). The feedback about the product quality and service delivery of an organization plays a crucial role to ensure improvement and progression of that organization. The organization with lack of this facility has chance to lose its important clients and clients will be offensive as they are unable to communicate what they want. Communication barrier due to local languages In an organization, employees come from different language group. Not every employee in the organization can be comfortable about what the other person is saying in native languages (Tenzer, Pudelko Harzing, 2014). Language can be acted as a barrier in effective communication in an organization. In this case, as the organization consisted of almost eight thousand employees in five countries worldwide including India, Nigeria, Oman the language difference exists within the organization. However, as the different countries have different languages it is the responsibility of the management to provide instructions according to the specific languages of a country (Rana, 2013). The top ranking companies use different strategies to overcome language barriers within the organization. It is not even always possible to provide trainings to overcome language barriers to the local employees. It is the responsibility of the manager to determine whether the language differences will be accommodated in a workplace or not rather, it is a common problem in an multicultural organization to have employees of different languages group (Klitmller Lauring, 2013). The company could do number of things for the employees who are not interested to pick up dominant languages in the workplace. The managers could translate all the relevant documents into a language of the employee (Jandt, 2012). The manager could use interpreter when he gives instruction or receives feedback. Even some of the company provides basic language classes to their employees to fulfill their business requirement. Sometimes companies use strategies such as providing crash course to all its employees in the primary language of the workplace. The managers try to use simple words with less syllable and repetition method in the communication in a diversified working culture (Barner-Rasmussen et al., 2014). It is suggested to the company portrayed in the case study to follow any one or two strategies like, translation and interpretation or training method to overcome local language barriers in the workplace. The managers of this company should be sure about the understanding is correct what the employees have after any method of communication. The managers could ask for the demonstration from its employees ensuring the communication occurred effectively. Cross-cultural issues In an organization, employees work from different cultural background and shares different values and believe within the organization. The organization holds them together in spite of diversity in culture. However, this cultural diversity could work as a barrier in effective communication in workplace. The problem occurs in case of massage transmission in a diversified cultural workplace (Moran, Abramson Moran, 2014). When the values and believes of a employee can be coordinated with the similar value system of another there is absolutely no problem. When there is a difference in cultural systems, the meaning and interpretation of the massage could be different as different cultures carry different expectation for behavior (Kawar, 2012). Cultural barriers could be resolved by developing cultural sensitivity in an organization, careful encoding and decoding of massages and building relationships among employees of different culture (Deresky, 2017). Top organization such as MacDonald adapts co-cultural theory to erase the cultural barriers. In this theory, communication involves the different people of diverse group with difference in color, gender, sexual orientation and sexual abilities. Mark P. Orbe developed this theory, which is now followed by different multinational organizations. It seems that with the help of this strategy, different cultural groups are able to communicate with each other effectively and efficiently (Conrad, 2014). In this multinational company, as the cultural barrier exists in different level such as intercultural or external barrier, it is recommended to remove such barriers ensuring all the information is transmitted thoroughly and clearly in all the members and clients of the organization (Patrick Kumar, 2012). The organization has clients from different parts of the world and share different cultural views. However, if the company accepts the co-cultural theory model, accommodating all the culturally diversified members of the organization under a securing umbrella provided by the organization the barriers could be removed. Low accessibility of digital and social media In modern technological world, digital and social media could be used as a tool to facilitate the communication within the workplace (Leonardi, Huysman Steinfield, 2013). Digital media includes email, blogs, quick delivery massage system and social media incorporates different social media sites such as twitter, facebook and even instagram (Bucher, Fieseler Suphan, 2013). Using digital platform helps to send massage as quick as possible but the responsibility of the company does not end in sending the massage. It is also the part of responsibility of the company to ensure whether the data has been received and understood properly (Williams et al., 2012). The organization in the case study is facing challenges regarding low literacy rate in digital media in some countries. The company is also looking for the ways in which social media platform could be incorporated to overcome communication challenges. As the company has different branches in different countries and the digital media literacy rate varies from country to country, it is suggested to train the employees, which are less known about digital media. The training program could help the employees to learn new and modern things as well as it would contribute to the nation. The training program could be based on basic of computer training and internet using (Chaffey Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). The social media is as important part of communication even with an organization (Couldry, 2012). Overcoming the barriers in social media communication, employees knowledgeable of digital media marketing could be engaged. Top-ranking companies use social media plat form to communicate with diverse clients around the world. They have employees who are accustomed in social media marketing (Varnelis, 2012). Conclusion: It can be concluded by analyzing different types of communication barriers in a company that if communication problem occurs at any level within the organization, it will decrease the productivity rate of that organization. In effect to that, the overall business goal and profits will be diminished. It is suggested to improve the communication system in an organization and remove the barriers as soon as possible. In the above-mentioned case study, the multinational organization is facing various types of communication challenges, which include internal, external, local language, cultural and social media communication. The challenges should be removed bench marking the similar challenges faced by other top-ranking companies. It is recommended to follow those examples and way outs of the top-ranking company, which are successful in removing communication challenges. The recommendation also includes the removal of any types of communication challenges in this multinational company. The managers as well as the leaders of this company should be careful and aware about the communication barriers and the ways in which it could be removed. References Alexander, K. (Ed.). (2013).Facilities management: theory and practice. Routledge. Arvanitis, E., Sakellariou, M. (2014). Pedagogy and Curriculum. Barner-Rasmussen, W., Ehrnrooth, M., Koveshnikov, A., Mkel, K. (2014). Cultural and language skills as resources for boundary spanning within the MNC.Journal of International Business Studies,45(7), 886-905. Blyton, P., Hassard, J., Hill, S., Starkey, K. (2017).Time, work and organization. Taylor Francis. Bull, M., Brown, T. (2012). Change communication: the impact on satisfaction with alternative workplace strategies.Facilities,30(3/4), 135-151. Chaffey, D., Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012). Digital marketing. Pearson Higher Ed. Conrad, D. (2014). Workplace communication problems: Inquiries by employees and applicable solutions. Journal of business studies quarterly, 5(4), 105. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Deresky, H. (2017).International management: Managing across borders and cultures. Pearson Education India. Eunson, B. (2012). Communication in the Workplace. John Wiley Sons. Jandt, F. E. (2012).An introduction to intercultural communication: Identities in a global community. Sage Publications. Kawar, T. I. (2012). Cross-cultural differences in management.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(6). Klitmller, A., Lauring, J. (2013). When global virtual teams share knowledge: Media richness, cultural difference and language commonality.Journal of World Business,48(3), 398-406. Leonardi, P. M., Huysman, M., Steinfield, C. (2013). Enterprise social media: Definition, history, and prospects for the study of social technologies in organizations. Journal of Computer?Mediated Communication, 19(1), 1-19. Lockwood, J. (2015). Virtual team management: what is causing communication breakdown?.Language and Intercultural Communication,15(1), 125-140. Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., DeWine, S. A. (2016). Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Modaff, D. P., Butler, J. A., DeWine, S. A. (2016).Organizational communication: Foundations, challenges, and misunderstandings. Pearson. Moran, R. T., Abramson, N. R., Moran, S. V. (2014).Managing cultural differences. Routledge. Patrick, H. A., Kumar, V. R. (2012). Managing workplace diversity: Issues and challenges. Sage Open, 2(2), 2158244012444615. Quintanilla, K. M., Wahl, S. T. (2015). Business and professional communication: Keys for workplace excellence. Sage Publications. Rana, R. (2013). Effective Communication in a Diverse Workplace. Robles, M. M. (2012). Executive perceptions of the top 10 soft skills needed in todays workplace. Business Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 453-465. Tenzer, H., Pudelko, M., Harzing, A. W. (2014). The impact of language barriers on trust formation in multinational teams.Journal of International Business Studies,45(5), 508-535. Ulmer, R. R., Sellnow, T. L., Seeger, M. W. (2013).Effective crisis communication: Moving from crisis to opportunity. Sage Publications. Williams, C. (2013). Principles of management. South-Western Cengage Learning.

Armenians Essays - Armenian Genocide, Young Turks,

Armenians Through my research, of the websites and book listed in the works cited section of my paper, I have found that the Young Turks have been an important part of Turkish and Armenian history. The young Turks were a coalition of reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the Ottoman Empires Sultan Abdulhamid the Second. They opposed him because of the absolute power he had, and because they wanted to eliminate foreign influence, and to restore Turkish pride. The Young Turks movement was started in the Imperial Medical college of Istanbul. In Istanbul it spread to other colleges including the military institutes. When Abdulhamid the Second, the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, learned of their plot against him he exiled the students. The Young Turks fled to various cities in Europe. It was here that the preparations for their revolution took place. An important Young Turk was Ahmed Riza, who was part of the Committee of Union and Progress, which was an influential Young Turk organization. He pushed for a strong central government and he was against all foreign influence. When the Young Turks came to power these ideas were important in their policies. The revolution occurred when discontented members of the Ottomans Army, the Committee of Union and Progress, and another group called the League of Private Initiative and Decentralization all agreed to work together. The revolt took place in 1908. Ahmed Niyazi a member of the Third Army Corps led a small revolt against provincial authorities; other revolutionaries holding revolts that were inspired by Ahmeds followed this. Since the Sultan could not rely on his military to support him he recalled parliament and in 1913 the triumvirate of Talat Pasa, Ahmed Cemel Pasa, and Enver Pasa gained power. Under the triumvirate the Young Turks major reforms took place. Their reforms led to a more centralized government; they promoted industrialization, and improved education. The Young Turks lost power in 1918. Hoping to gain political power they joined in on World War One on the side of the Germans, and the Central Powers. They did this thinking that Germany had a superior army. When the Young Turks realized defeat was coming they resigned their power and the Ottomans ended up signing the Armistice of Mudros ending Turkeys involvement in the war. The Young Turks are important to Armenian history because of the treatment the Armenians received under their control. The Young Turks preached cooperation between themselves and the minority groups in Turkey before they gained power. When the Young Turks took control they did not follow their ideas of cooperation. In 1913 at the city of Adana 30,000 Armenians were killed. When World War One broke out the Young Turks looked at it as a perfect opportunity to dispose of, what they looked at as a problem, Armenians. The government intentionally tried to eliminate the Armenians. Armenian leaders were killed. The rest were forced to relocate into the deserts of Syria, Arabia, and Mesopotamia. During these marches many Armenians were flogged to death, burned, bayoneted, buried alive in pits, drowned in rivers, beheaded, raped, abducted into harems, or just simply died of exhaustion. This genocide, conducted by the Young Turks, took the lives of 1.5 million Armenians. Bibliography Works Cited Balakian, Peter. Black Dog of Fate. New York: Broadway Books, 1997. CedarLand. 20 Febuary 2001. The Armenian Genocide. 20 Febuary 2001 http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/Parliament/2587/armenia.html Encyclopedia Britanica. 20 February 2001. Young Turks. 20 February 2001 History Essays

Marie Antoinette, Woman to Scapegoat essays

Marie Antoinette, Woman to Scapegoat essays Today there is a tendency to overlook small factors in history that may seem silly, trivial, or irrational. However, these factors often have great influences over people and need to be observed. Marie Antoinettes involvement in the French Revolution is the perfect example of a tiny catalyst causing a great deal of change. The revolution was undoubtedly caused by the growing discontent of the French population towards the abuses of the upper class. However, no revolution could succeed without symbols or icons like Marie Antoinette. It was through clever rhetoric and twisting of facts on the part of French revolutionaries that Marie Antoinette became an icon for corrupt monarchy, thus, altering her image from a caring queen to a greedy wretch to aid in the advantage of the revolutionaries political objectives. Born to the Austrian empress Maria Theresa on November 2, 1755, Marie Antoinette was obliged to marry Louis XVI of France to symbolize an alliance between Austria and France. Ironically, in the beginning of her marriage to the prince, Marie Antoinette was loved by the French people. She further established her reputation for kindness and compassion by stopping her carriage for over an hour to aid an injured person. She would not continue until she had established the presence of a surgeon. She then insisted on a stretcher for the wounded man, instead of an uncomfortable post-chaise, and followed its progress (Fraser 170). However, these very qualities did not matter once Marie Antoinettes reputation began to drastically fall. Although the time itself was a difficult time for the French monarchy, it was mainly Antoinette's own attitude to her position that caused the most serious damage. In an age when monarchs were supposed to be servants of the state, it was especially important to present an image of devoted self-sacrifice to their subjects. However, it was precisely this dem...

Cultural Diversity in clinical laboratory sciences Essay - 1

Cultural Diversity in clinical laboratory sciences - Essay Example Among the Asians, blood is regarded as the energy of life that is passed on to children by the elders and ancestors and therefore should not be given away. Similarly, the elders among Afro American are highly respected and are considered to be the source of wisdom and knowledge (CultureDiversity.Com). Among the Afro Americans, religion is an indispensable and fundamental component of culture. It is central to their health and wellness believing that God is the giver of good health and can also cause illness. On the other hand, Asians believe in the balance of nature whereby balance is accomplished when the body is healthy and illness arises when this balance is lost. In contrast to the Asian community, the Afro Americans are highly sensitive to racism, which is derived from their history of oppression as slaves of American farmers. For example, restraint on a child who is tied on the bed to effectively apply intravenous lines is viewed by the guardian as a form of oppression based on her past experience with white masters. The reference of a black young man as a boy is also considered to be offensive in the Afro American culture, which is a word associated with slavery by the whites. In contrast to the Afro American, the Asian patient is unlikely to talk about his/her feelings of sickness unless the symptoms are notable by others. Under circumstances of ill health, the Afro American turns to prayers (CultureDiversity.Com). Understanding cultural diversity is useful in establishing the appropriate way to interact with patients from varied cultures. For example, it is important to understand restraint among Chinese patients while avoiding actions that may indicate racial tendencies among the Afro Americans. It is important for healthcare professionals to appreciate cultural diversity since they deal with patients from different cultural backgrounds. The first contact with a patient determines his/her

What is the relationship between drama and theatre education and Assignment

What is the relationship between drama and theatre education and creative learning - Assignment Example fficulty facing scholars constitute the ability to distinguish between drama and theatre and establishment of the relationship between drama and theatre education as tools for creative learning. This research paper aims at establishing a clear distinction between theatre and drama in addition to establishing a relationship between drama/theatre and creative learning. The paper will achieve this by discussing the critical aspects of creative learning, relationship between drama and theatre education and creative learning, how creative drama enhance creativity in learning, and importance of drama in assessments, and theories of drama and theatre in creative learning. Creative learning is enhanced through the level of creativity possessed by the learner. Winston (2010) defines creative learning as imaginative activities fashioned with the aim of producing outcomes characterized by originality and value. In creativity, the learner has to portray originality and value in the end result of the learning process. Fleming (2011) outlines the basic features of creativity; these are use of imagination, pursuing purposes, being original and judging value. In Jo Trowsdale’s session, for example, the class was introduced to a range of creative people who shared a variety of characteristics. These personalities included Aristotle, Vivien Westwood, and Martin Luther King; from them it was evident that creativity is not just about arts and not always related to a product, but it could be a change of mind/heart. Any creativity process lacking any of the aforementioned features is considered null since it lacks the main components of creativity. Creativity involves playing with new ideas and trying out possibilities from such ideas. For example, the Myth of Icarius revealed three different period of painting. Flying too high using the wings would take Icarius too close to the sun and melt while flying too low would take him close to the sea and drown. This implies that Icarius

Zidovudine for the Prevention of HIV Transmission

Zidovudine for the Prevention of HIV Transmission Introduction Zidovudine is an antiretroviral drug which is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; it is used as treatment with other antiretroviral drugs against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Additionally, zidovudine can be utilised as a means of reducing the risk of transfer of HIV from a pregnant woman to her child. Furthermore, zidovudine is used in post exposure prophylaxis in order to lower the chance of being infected with HIV in people who have been exposed to the virus. (AHFS Drug Information, n.d.). Name Of Drug, Structure, Formula and Functional Groups Zidovudine is also known as azidothymidine and, in short, AZT (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). The molecular formula of the compound is C10H13N5O4 (The Merck Index, n.d.) and zidovudine has a molecular weight of 267.25, as calculated using the ISIS ChemDraw package (Cambridge Soft, n.d.). Analysing the compound shows that zidovudine is made up of a thymine group bonded to a 2,3-dideoxyribose group with an attached azide group. Therefore the systematic name of zidovudine is 3†²-azido-2, 3†²-dideoxythymidine (The Merck Index, n.d.), as the oxygen of the hydroxyl group on the 3 carbon of the ribose ring has been removed, giving 3-deoxyribose, and has been replaced with an azide group and the oxygen on the 2 carbon has also been removed. The azide group on the ribose ring is the reason why zidovudine acts as a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (AHFS Drug Information, n.d.). In order for zidovudine to carry out its role, it must be phosphorylated by an enzyme called thymidine kinase; this is due to the fact that reverse transcriptase includes the triphosphates produced into the HIV DNA chain being formed during HIV replication. Consequently, after the triphosphate has been included, 5, 3-phosphodiester bonding in the DNA chain is not possible, because of azide group in the triphosphate, and therefore DNA formation cannot continue (Foye et al, 2008). Formulations and Packaging The generic form of zidovudine is available as hard capsules (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.) in two strengths of 100mg and 250mg (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). Both strengths are packaged in foil blister packs and plastic bottles and need to be kept in these; they have an expiry date of 2 years from the date of manufacture (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). Zidovudine is also available under the brand name of Retrovir ® in the form of capsules, oral solution and injection solution (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). All of the Retrovir ® formulations need to be kept below 30 degrees and in their original outer boxes (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The capsules are hard capsules (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.) in strengths of 100mg and 250mg (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010); they have an expiry date of five years from the date of manufacture and are packaged in a blister pack or a bottle (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The oral solution consists of a 50mg in 5ml dose (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010) and is packaged in an amber bottle made of glass. The oral solution has an expiry date of two years from the date of manufacture but should be disposed of after the bottle has been opened for one month (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). The injection solution is available in the dose of 10mg per 1ml and is used for intravenous infusion (Joint Formulary Committee, 2010). It is packaged in a glass vial which is amber or clear in colour. The solution has an expiry date of three years after the date of manufacture however, once opened, it must be used straightaway and any remaining solution disposed of (Electronic Medicines Compendium, n.d.). According to Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference (n.d.), all the formulations of zidovudine need to be shielded from sources of light and need to be kept in air tight containers. Stereochemistry and Conformation As highlighted in the diagram drawn using ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.), zidovudine has a total of three chiral centres and hence zidovudine has eight possible stereoisomers. The 1 carbon of the ribose ring is of the R configuration whereas the 3 and 4 carbons are of the S configuration (Novak et al, 2003). Zidovudine has a specific optical rotation value of +99 ° in water (Merck, n.d.) and hence rotates the plane of polarized light clockwise; consequently zidovudine is optically active (Freeman, 2010). Synthesis Zidovudine was made by Jerome Horwitz in 1964 (Weeks et al, 2010). It can be formed from thymidine, however, this is a costly method and therefore a more cost effective technique is used to make zidovudine on a large scale by using D-Mannitol as the starting compound (Saunders, 2000). The process has been drawn below using ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.) with reference to Top Drugs (2000). In the first stage, a derivative of D-glyceraldehyde is formed from D-mannitol using acetone and a source of protons and refluxing. Lead (IV) acetate is then added. In the second stage a Wittig reaction is carried out and PH3P=CHCO2Et and methanol are added. In the third step hydrochloric acid is added, producing a lactone. In the fourth stage the lactone is protected and the azide group is added on through a Michael addition reaction. The reagents used to protect the lactone are t-Bu(Me)2SiCl, imidazole and dimethylformamide. The reagents for the Michael addition reaction are lithium azide, tetrahydrofuran, acetic acid and water. In the fifth stage the lactone is reduced to a lactol at minus 78 degrees using Diisobutylaluminium hydride and dichloromethane. The hydroxyl group is activated to form a sugar intermediate using acetic anhydride and pyridine. In the sixth step, Vorbruggen conditions are adopted and a condensation reaction is performed with the sugar intermediate and silyla ted thymine which produces alpha and beta anomers. The reagents are di-trimethylsilyl-thymine, trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate and EDC. In the seventh step, the silyl protecting group is taken off and the anomers are uncombined to obtain zidovudine. The reagents used in this step are n-Bu4N+F- and tetrahydrofuran (Saunders, 2000). Drug stability: Potential sites of chemical instability and metabolism Zidovudine decomposes greatly in the presence of light because of the azide group and the product formed from the breakdown is thymine. This is because two nitrogen atoms are removed from the azide group, forming nitrene. An insertion reaction takes place and aziridine is made. Water, as a nucleophile, attacks aziridine. The amide anion formed causes the thymine group to be nucleophilically displaced and hence thymine is produced as the degradation product (Dunge et al, 2004). Therefore as zidovudine is mostly affected by light it is advised that the various formulations of zidovudine are kept away from light sources (British Pharmacopoeia, 2010). Zidovudine has a bioavailability of 63%. This is due to the fact that zidovudine undergoes glucuronidation, giving zidovudine glucuronide which is more water soluble than zidovudine due to a sugar group being added, and is renally excreted (Burton et al, 2006). UDP-glucuronyl transferease is the enzyme which catalyses the reaction (Veal et al, 1995). Zidovudine can also be converted to 3-amino-3-deoxythymidine due to the azide group being reduced (Veal et al, 1995); 3-amino-3-deoxythymidine can affect the action of zidovudine against HIV and is possibly toxic (Burton et al, 2006). Lipinskis Rules For Orally Active Drugs According to Clarkes Analysis Of Drugs And Poisons (n.d.) the Log P value of Zidovudine is 0.05 and the molecular weight is 267.25 as calculated on ISIS ChemDraw (Cambridge Soft, n.d.). Zidovudine has a total of two hydrogen bond donor sites and a total of nine hydrogen bond acceptor sites (Lipinski et al, 1997). As a result, zidovudine follows Lipinskis Rules of Five as it has a molecular weight of less than 500, a Log P value of less than 5, there are less than five hydrogen bond donor sites and there are less than ten hydrogen bond acceptor sites (Lipinski et al, 1997). As the Log P value of zidovudine is 0.05 (Clarkes Analysis Of Drugs And Poisons, n.d.) it can be seen that the drug is slightly polar. Zidovudine contains aromatic and large aliphatic regions which are hydrophobic; the polar character arises from the hydroxyl group, an amide region, an ether link and azide group, which are all hydrophilic regions. Therefore as there is a slight imbalance of more hydrophilic groups to hydrophobic groups, zidovudine is slightly hydrophilic and slightly polar and therefore is water soluble and has less affinity to cross the lipid membranes (Bichenkova, 2010). pKa and Ionization State At pH 2, 7.4 and 10 and Solubility According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (n.d.), the pKa value of Zidovudine is 9.68 and hence it is weakly acidic. Using the equation for the percentage of ionization, which has been derived from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, I am able to calculate the percentage amount of ionization of zidovudine at various pH values. The equation used consists of: % ionization of an acid = 100/ 1 + antilog(pKa pH) (Freeman, 2010). At pH2, the equation will read % ionization = 100/ 1 + antilog (9.68 2). This gives the value 2.0910^-6 %. Hence it can be seen that in the stomach only a very small amount of zidovudine will be ionized and generally it will be largely unionized. The percentage of zidovudine unionized at pH2 is 99.99% and hence as zidovudine is highly unionized at pH 2, it will be absorbed from the stomach. At pH2 2.0910^-6% of zidovudine is ionized as the azide group can be protonated (Chemicalize, n.d.). At pH 7.4 the calculation gives a value of 0.52%. Hence in the blood stream zidovudine will be largely unionized as the percentage of zidovudine that is unionized in the blood stream is 99.8%. In the bloodstream 0.52% of Zidovudine will be ionized as the azide group can deprotonate (Chemicalize, n.d.). As zidovudine is largely unionized at pH 7.4, it can be absorbed from the bloodstream into the CD4 cells where it carries out its role as an antiretroviral (Foye et al, 2008). At pH 10 a value of 67.63% is obtained. Therefore in basic conditions, zidovudine is largely  ionized as the azide group is deprotonated and the amide group of thymine is deprotonated (Chemicalize, n.d.). The percentage of zidovudine unionized in the blood is 32.37%. Zidovudine is absorbed very quickly in the body (Burton et al, 2006) and this can be seen through the fact that zidovudine is greatly unionised in the stomach and blood stream and hence can quickly enter the CD4 cells in the blood (Foye et al, 2008). Conclusion As zidovudine has an azide group it is able to stop HIV replication (Foye, 2008). Zidovudine follows Lipinskis Rules and hence is well absorbed in the body (Lipinski et al, 1997). As zidovudine has a pKa of 9.68, the drug can be absorbed from the stomach as it will be largely unionised in the stomach. This is also the case for the drug in the bloodstream and hence zidovudine can be taken up quickly by the cells and carry out its role as an antiretroviral despite being slightly polar. The bioavailability of zidovdine is limited however by the fact that some zidovudine is glucuronidated and hence is lost; some zidovudine is also affected by the azide group being reduced as the product formed can affect zidovudines role as an antiretroviral and could be toxic (Burton et al, 2006). As zidovudine degrades in the presence of light, the drug is packaged in blister packs or plastic bottles and all formulations of the drug need to be kept out of light and in the packaging they came in (Electr onic Medicines Compendium, n.d.).

Forward the Foundation Chapter 28

27 It was a lovely day, neither too warm nor too cold, not too bright nor too gray. Even though the groundskeeping budget had given out years ago, the few straggly perennials lining the steps leading up to the Galactic Library managed to add a cheerful note to the morning. (The Library, having been built in the classical style of antiquity, was fronted with one of the grandest stairways to be found in the entire Empire, second only to the steps at the Imperial Palace itself. Most Library visitors, however, preferred to enter via the gliderail) Seldon had high hopes for the day. Since he and Stettin Palver had been cleared of all charges in their recent assault and battery case, Hari Seldon felt like a new man. Although the experience had been painful, its very public nature had advanced Seldon's cause. Judge Tejan Popjens Lih, who was considered one of, if not the most influential judge on Trantor, had been quite vociferous in her opinion, delivered the day following Rial Nevas's emotional testimony. â€Å"When we come to such a crossroads in our ‘civilized' society,† the judge intoned from her bench, â€Å"that a man of Professor Hari Seldon's standing is made to bear the humiliation, abuse, and lies of his peers simply because of who he is and what he stands for, it is truly a dark day for the Empire. I admit that I, too, was taken in-at first. ‘Why wouldn't Professor Seldon,' I reasoned, ‘resort to such trickery in an attempt to prove his predictions?' But, as I came to see, I was most grievously wrong.† Here the judge's brow furrowed, a dark blue flush began creeping up her neck and into her cheeks. â€Å"For I was ascribing to Professor Seldon motives born of our new society, a society in which honesty, decency, and goodwill are likely to get one killed, a society in which it appears one must resort to dishonesty and trickery merely to survive. â€Å"How far we have strayed from our founding principles. We were lucky this time, fellow citizens of Trantor. We owe a debt of thanks to Professor Hari Seldon for showing us our true selves; let us take his example to heart and resolve to be vigilant against the baser forces of our human nature.† Following the hearing, the Emperor had sent Seldon a congratulatory holo-disc. On it he expressed the hope that perhaps now Seldon would find renewed funding for his Project. As Seldon slid up the entrance gliderail, he reflected on the current status of his Psychohistory Project. His good friend-the former Chief Librarian Las Zenow-had retired. During his tenure, Zenow had been a strong proponent of Seldon and his work. More often than not, however, Zenow's hands had been tied by the Library Board. But, he had assured Seldon, the affable new Chief Librarian, Tryma Acarnio, was as progressive as he himself, and was popular with many factions among the Board membership. â€Å"Hari, my friend,† Zenow had said before leaving Trantor for his home world of Wencory, â€Å"Acarnio is a good man, a person of deep intellect and an open mind. I'm sure he'll do all that he can to help you and the Project. I've left him the entire data file on you and your EncyIopedia; I know he'll be as excited as I about the contribution to humanity it represents. Take care, my friend-I'll remember you fondly.† And so today Hari Seldon was to have his first official meeting with the new Chief Librarian. He was cheered by the reassurances Las Zenow had left with him and he was looking forward to sharing his plans for the future of the Project and the Encyclopedia. Tryma Acarnio stood as Hari entered the Chief Librarian's office. Already he had made his mark on the place; whereas Zenow had stuffed every nook and cranny of the room with holo-discs and tridijournals from the different sectors of Trantor, and a dizzying array of visiglobes representing various worlds of the Empire had spun in midair, Acarnio had swept clear the mounds of data and images that Zenow had liked to keep at his fingertips. A large holoscreen now dominated one wall on which, Seldon presumed, Acarnio could view any publication or broadcast that he desired. Acarnio was short and stocky, with a slightly distracted look-from a childhood corneal correction that had gone awry-that belied a fearsome intelligence and constant awareness of everything going on around him at all times. â€Å"Well, well. Professor Seldon. Come in. Sit down.† Acarnio gestured to a straight-backed chair facing the desk at which he sat. â€Å"It was, I felt, quite fortuitous that you requested this meeting. You see, I had intended to get in touch with you as soon as I settled in.† Seldon nodded, pleased that the new Chief Librarian had considered him enough of a priority to plan to seek him out in the hectic early days of his tenure. â€Å"But, first, Professor, please let me know why you wanted to see me before we move on to my, most likely, more prosaic concerns.† Seldon cleared his throat and leaned forward. â€Å"Chief Librarian, Las Zenow has no doubt told you of my work here and of my idea for an Encyclopedia Galactica. Las was quite enthusiastic, and a great help, providing a private office for me here and unlimited access to the Library's vast resources. In fact, it was he who located the eventual home of the Encyclopedia Project, a remote Outer World called Terminus. â€Å"There was one thing, however, that Las could not provide. In order to keep the Project on schedule, I must have office space and unlimited access granted to a number of my colleagues, as well. It is an enormous undertaking, just gathering the information to be copied and transferred to Terminus before we can begin the actual work of compiling the Encyclopedia. â€Å"Las was not popular with the Library Board, as you undoubtedly are aware. You, however, are. And so I ask you, Chief Librarian: Will you see to it that my colleagues are granted insiders' privileges so that we may continue our most vital work?† Here Hari stopped, almost out of breath. He was sure that his speech, which he had gone over and over in his mind the night before, would have the desired effect. He waited, confident in Acarnio's response. â€Å"Professor Seldon,† Acarnio began. Seldon's expectant smile faded. There was an edge to the Chief Librarian's voice that Seldon had not expected. â€Å"My esteemed predecessor provided me-in exhaustive detail-an explication of your work here at the Library. He was quite enthusiastic about your research and committed to the idea of your colleagues joining you here. As was I, Professor Seldon†-at Acarnio's pause, Seldon looked up sharply-â€Å"at first. I was prepared to call a special meeting of the Board to propose that a larger suite of offices be prepared for you and your Encyclopedists. But, Professor Seldon, all that has now changed.† â€Å"Changed! But why?† â€Å"Professor Seldon, you have just finished serving as principal defendant in a most sensational assault and battery case.† â€Å"But I was acquitted,† Seldon broke in. â€Å"The case never even made it to trial.† â€Å"Nonetheless, Professor, your latest foray into the public eye has given you an undeniable-how shall I say it?-tinge of ill repute. Oh yes, you were acquitted of all charges. But in order to get to that acquittal, your name, your past, your beliefs, and your work were paraded before the eyes of all the worlds. And even if one progressive right-thinking judge has proclaimed you faultless, what of the millions-perhaps billions-of other average citizens who see not a pioneering psychohistorian striving to preserve his civilization's glory but a raving lunatic shouting doom and gloom for the great and mighty Empire? â€Å"You, by the very nature of your work, are threatening the essential fabric of the Empire. I don't mean the huge, nameless, faceless, monolithic Empire. No, I am referring to the heart and soul of the Empire-its people. When you tell them the Empire is failing, you are saying that they are failing. And this, my dear Professor, the average citizen cannot face. â€Å"Seldon, like it or not, you have become an object of derision, a subject of ridicule, a laughingstock.† â€Å"Pardon me, Chief Librarian, but for years now I have been, to some circles, a laughingstock.† â€Å"Yes, but only to some circles. But this latest incident-and the very public forum in which it was played out-has opened you up to ridicule not only here on Trantor but throughout the worlds. And, Professor, if, by providing you an office, we, the Galactic Library, give tacit approval to your work, then, by inference, we, the Library, also become a laughingstock throughout the worlds. And no matter how strongly I may personally believe in your theory and your Encyclopedia, as Chief Librarian of the Galactic Library on Trantor, I must think of the Library first. â€Å"And so, Professor Seldon, your request to bring in your colleagues is denied.† Hari Seldon jerked back in his chair as if struck. â€Å"Further,† Acarnio continued, â€Å"I must advise you of a two-week temporary suspension of all Library privileges-effective immediately. The Board has called that special meeting, Professor Seldon. In two weeks' time we will notify you whether or not we've decided that our association with you must be terminated.† Here, Acarnio stopped speaking and, placing his palms on the glossy, spotless surface of his desk, stood up. â€Å"That is all, Professor Seldon-for now.† Hari Seldon stood as well, although his upward movement was not as smooth, nor as quick, as Tryma Acarnio's. â€Å"May I be permitted to address the Board?† asked Seldon. â€Å"Perhaps if I were able to explain to them the vital importance of psychohistory and the Encyclopedia-â€Å" â€Å"I'm afraid not, Professor,† said Acarnio softly and Seldon caught a brief glimmer of the man Las Zenow had told him about. But, just as quickly, the icy bureaucrat was back as Acarnio guided Seldon to the door. As the portals slid open, Acarnio said, â€Å"Two weeks, Professor Seldon. Till then.† Hari stepped through to his waiting skitter and the doors slid shut. What am I going to do now? wondered Seldon disconsolately. Is this the end of my work? 28 â€Å"Wanda dear, what is it that has you so engrossed?† asked Hari Seldon as he entered his granddaughter's office at Streeling University. The room had been the office of the brilliant mathematician Yugo Amaryl, whose death had impoverished the Psychohistory Project. Fortunately, Wanda had gradually taken over Yugo's role in recent years, further refining and adjusting the Prime Radiant. â€Å"Why, I'm working on an equation in Section 33A2D17. See, I've recalibrated this section†-she gestured to a glowing violet patch suspended in midair in front of her face-‘taking into consideration the standard quotient and-There! Just what I thought-I think.† She stepped back and rubbed her eyes. â€Å"What is it, Wanda?† Hari moved in closer to study the equation. â€Å"Why, this looks like the Terminus equation and yet†¦ Wanda, this is an inverse of the Terminus equation, isn't it?† â€Å"Yes, Grandpa. See, the numbers weren't working quite right in the Terminus equation-look.† Wanda touched a contact in a recessed wallstrip and another patch sprang to life in vivid red on the other side of the room. Seldon and Wanda walked over to inspect it. â€Å"You see how it's all hanging together fine now, Grandpa? It's taken me weeks to get it this way.† â€Å"How did you do it?† asked Hari, admiring the equation's lines, its logic, its elegance. â€Å"At first, I concentrated on it from over here only. I blocked out all else. In order to get Terminus to work, work on Terminus-stands to reason, doesn't it? But then I realized that I couldn't just introduce this equation into the Prime Radiant system and expect it to blend right in smoothly, as if nothing happened. A placement means a displacement somewhere else. A weight needs a counterweight.† â€Å"I think the concept to which you are referring is what the ancients called ‘yin and yang.' â€Å" â€Å"Yes, more or less. Yin and yang. So, you see, I realized that to perfect the yin of Terminus, I had to locate its yang. Which I did, over there.† She moved back to the violet patch, tucked away at the other edge of the Prime Radiant sphere. â€Å"And once I adjusted the figures here, the Terminus equation fell into place as well. Harmony!† Wanda looked pleased with herself, as if she'd solved all the problems of the Empire. â€Å"Fascinating, Wanda, and later on you must tell me what you think it all means for the Project. But right now you must come with me to the holoscreen. I received an urgent message from Santanni a few minutes ago. Your father wants us to call him immediately.† Wanda's smile faded. She had been alarmed at the recent reports of fighting on Santanni. As Imperial budget cutbacks went into effect, the citizens of the Outer Worlds suffered most. They had limited access to the richer, more populous Inner Worlds and it became more and more difficult to trade their worlds' products for much needed imports. Imperial hyperships going in and out of Santanni were few and the distant world felt isolated from the rest of the Empire. Pockets of rebellion had erupted throughout the planet. â€Å"Grandfather, I hope everything's all right,† said Wanda, her fear revealed by her voice. â€Å"Don't worry, dear. After all, they must be safe if Raych was able to send us a message.† In Seldon's office, he and Wanda stood before the holoscreen as it activated. Seldon punched a code on the keypad alongside the screen and they waited a few seconds for the intragalactic connection to be established. Slowly the screen seemed to stretch back into the wall, as if it were the entrance to a tunnel-and out of the tunnel, dimly at first, came the familiar figure of a stocky powerfully built man. As the connection sharpened, the man's features became clearer. When Seldon and Wanda were able to make out Raych's bushy Dahlite mustache, the figure sprang to life. â€Å"Dad! Wanda!† said Raych's three-dimensional hologram, projected to Trantor from Santanni. â€Å"Listen, I don't have much time.† He flinched, as if startled by a loud noise. â€Å"Things have gotten pretty bad here. The government has fallen and a provisional party has taken over. Things are a mess, as you can imagine. I just put Manella and Bellis on a hypership to Anacreon. I told them to get in touch with you from there. The name of the ship is the Arcadia VII. â€Å"You should have seen Manella, Dad. Mad as anything that she had to go. The only way I was able to convince her to leave was to point out that it was for Bellis's sake. â€Å"I know what you're thinking, Dad and Wanda. Of course I would have gone with them-if I could have. But there wasn't enough room. You should've seen what I had to go through just to get them onto the ship.† Raych flashed one of his lopsided grins that Seldon and Wanda loved so much, then continued. â€Å"Besides, since I'm here, I have to help guard the University-we may be part of the Imperial University system, but we're a place of learning and building, not of destruction. I tell you, if one of those hot-headed Santanni rebels comes near our stuff-â€Å" â€Å"Raych,† Hari broke in, â€Å"How bad is it? Are you close to the fighting?† â€Å"Dad, are you in danger?† asked Wanda. They waited a few seconds for their message to travel the nine thousand parsecs across the Galaxy to Raych. â€Å"I-I-I couldn't quite make out what you said,† the hologram replied. â€Å"There's a bit of fighting going on. It's sort of exciting, actually,† Raych said, breaking into that grin again. â€Å"So I'm going to sign off now. Remember, find out what happened to the Arcadia VII going to Anacreon. I'll be back in touch as soon as I'm able. Remember, I-† The transmission broke off and the hologram faded. The holoscreen tunnel collapsed in on itself so that Seldon and Wanda were left staring at a blank wall. â€Å"Grandpa,† said Wanda, â€Å"what do you think he was going to say?† â€Å"I have no idea, dear. But there is one thing I do know and that is that your father can take care of himself. I pity any rebel who gets near enough for a well-placed Twist-kick from your dad! Come, let's get back to that equation and in a few hours we'll check on the Arcadia VII.† *** â€Å"Commander, have you no idea what happened to the ship?† Hari Seldon was again engaged in intragalactic conversation, but this time it was with an Imperial navy commander stationed at Anacreon. For this communication, Seldon was making use of the visiscreen-much less realistic than the holoscreen but also much simpler. â€Å"I'm telling you, Professor, that we have no record of that hypership requesting permission to enter the Anacreonic atmosphere. Of course, communications with Santanni have been broken for several hours and sporadic at best for the last week. It is possible that the ship tried to reach us on a Santanni-based channel and could not get through, but I doubt it. â€Å"No, it's more likely that the Arcadia VII changed destination. Voreg, perhaps, or Sarip. Have you tried either of those worlds, Professor?† â€Å"No,† said Seldon wearily, â€Å"but I see no reason if the ship was bound for Anacreon that it would not go to Anacreon. Commander, it is vital that I locate that ship.† â€Å"Of course,† the commander ventured, â€Å"the Arcadia VII might not have made it. Out safely, I mean. There's a lot of fighting going on. Those rebels don't care who they blow up. They just train their lasers and pretend it's the Emperor Agis they're blasting. I tell you, it's a whole different game out here on the fringe, Professor.† â€Å"My daughter-in-law and granddaughter are on that ship, Commander,† Seldon said in a tight voice. â€Å"Oh, I'm sorry, Professor,† said an abashed commander. â€Å"I'll be in touch with you as soon as I hear anything.† Dispiritedly Hari closed the visiscreen contact. How tired I am, he thought. And, he mused, I'm not surprised-I've known that this would come for nearly forty years. Seldon chuckled bitterly to himself. Perhaps that commander had thought he was shocking Seldon, impressing him with the vivid detail of life â€Å"on the fringe.† But Seldon knew all about the fringe. And as the fringe came apart, like a piece of knitting with one loose thread, the whole piece would unravel to the core: Trantor. Seldon became aware of a soft buzzing sound. It was the door signal. â€Å"Yes?† â€Å"Grandpa,† said Wanda, entering the office, â€Å"I'm scared.† â€Å"Why, dear?† asked Seldon with concern. He didn't want to tell her yet what he had learned-or hadn't learned-from the commander on Anacreon. â€Å"Usually, although they're so far away, I feel Dad and Mom and Bellis-feel them in here†-she pointed to her head-â€Å"and in here†-she placed her hand over her heart. â€Å"But now, today, I don't feel them-it feels less, as if they're fading, like one of the dome bulbs. And I want to stop it. I want to pull them back, but I can't.† â€Å"Wanda, I really think this is merely a product of your concern for your family in light of the rebellion. You know that uprisings occur all over the Empire all the time-little eruptions to let off steam. Come now, you know that chances of anything happening to Raych, Manella, or Bellis are vanishingly small. Your dad will call any day to say all is well; your mom and Bellis will land on Anacreon at any moment and enjoy a little vacation. We are the ones to be pitied-we're stuck here up to our ears in work! So, sweetheart, go to bed and think only good thoughts. I promise you, tomorrow, under the sunny dome, things will look much better.† â€Å"All right, Grandpa,† said Wanda, not sounding entirely convinced. â€Å"But tomorrow-if we haven't heard by tomorrow-we'll have to-to-â€Å" â€Å"Wanda, what can we do, except wait?† asked Hari, his voice gentle. Wanda turned and left, the weight of her worries showing in the slope of her shoulders. Hari watched her go, finally allowing his own worries to come to the surface. It had been three days since the hologram transmission from Raych. Since then-nothing. And today the naval commander at Anacreon denied ever having heard of a ship called Arcadia VII Hari had tried earlier to get through to Raych on Santanni, but all communication beams were down. It was as if Santanni-and the Arcadia VII-had simply broken off from the Empire, like a petal from a flower. Seldon knew what he had to do now. The Empire might be down, but it was not out. Its power, when properly wielded, was still awesome. Seldon placed an emergency transmission to Emperor Agis XIV. 29 â€Å"What a surprise-my friend Hari!† Agis's visage beamed at Seldon through the holoscreen. â€Å"I am glad to hear from you, although you usually request the more formal personal audience. Come, you've piqued my interest. Why the urgency?† â€Å"Sire,† began Seldon, â€Å"my son, Raych, and his wife and daughter live on Santanni.† â€Å"Ah, Santanni,† the Emperor said as his smile faded. â€Å"A bunch of misguided wretches if I eve -â€Å" â€Å"Sire, please,† broke in Seldon, surprising both the Emperor and himself with this flagrant breach of Imperial protocol. â€Å"My son was able to get Manella and Bellis onto a hypership, the Arcadia VII, bound for Anacreon. He, however, had to remain. That was three days ago. The ship has not landed at Anacreon. And my son seems to have disappeared. My calls to Santanni have gone unanswered and now the communication beams are broken. â€Å"Please, Sire, can you help me?† â€Å"Hari, as you know, officially all ties between Santanni and Trantor have been severed. However, I still hold some influence in selected areas of Santanni. That is, there are still a few loyal to me who have not yet been found out. Although I cannot make direct contact with any of my operatives on that world, I can share with you any reports I receive from there. These are, of course, highly confidential, but considering your situation and our relationship, I will allow you access to those pieces that might interest you. â€Å"I am expecting another dispatch within the hour. If you like, I'll recontact you when it arrives. In the meantime, I'll have one of my aides go over all transmissions from Santanni for the past three days to look for anything pertaining to Raych, Manella, or Bellis Seldon.† â€Å"Thank you, Sire. I thank you most humbly.† And Hari Seldon dipped his head as the Emperor's image faded from the holoscreen. Sixty minutes later Hari Seldon was still sitting at his desk, waiting to hear from the Emperor. The past hour had been one of the most difficult he had ever spent, second only to the hours after Dors's destruction. It was the not knowing that did Hari in. He had made a career of knowing-the future as well as the present. And now he had no idea at all about three of the people most precious to him. The holoscreen buzzed softly and Hari pressed a contact in response. Agis appeared. â€Å"Hari,† began the Emperor. From the soft slow sadness in his voice, Hari knew this call brought bad news. â€Å"My son,† said Hari. â€Å"Yes,† replied the Emperor. â€Å"Raych was killed, earlier today, in a bombardment on Santanni University. I've learned from my sources that Raych knew the attack was coming but refused to desert his post. You see, a good number of the rebels are students and Raych felt that if they knew that he was still there, they would never†¦ But hate overcame all reason. â€Å"The University is, you see, an Imperial University. The rebels feel they must destroy all things Imperial before rebuilding anew. The fools! Why-† And here Agis stopped, as if suddenly realizing that Seldon did not care about Santanni University or the plans of the rebels-not right now, at least. â€Å"Hari, if it makes you feel any better, remember that your son died in defense of knowledge. It was not the Empire Raych fought and died for but humanity itself.† Seldon looked up out of tear-filled eyes. Weakly he asked, â€Å"And Manella and little Bellis? What of them? Have you found the Arcadia Hl?† â€Å"That search has proved fruitless, Hari. The Arcadia VII left Santanni, as you were told. But it seems to have disappeared. It may have been hijacked by rebels or it may have made an emergency detour-at this point, we just don't know.† Seldon nodded. â€Å"Thank you, Agis. Although you have brought me tragic news, at least you have brought it. Not knowing was worse. You are a true friend.† â€Å"And so, my friend,† said the Emperor, â€Å"I'll leave you to yourself now-and your memories.† The Emperor's image faded from the screen as Hari Seldon folded his arms in front of him on his desk, put his head down, and wept. 30 Wanda Seldon adjusted the waistband of her unisuit, pulling it a little tighter around her middle. Taking up a hand hoe, she attacked some weeds that had sprung up in her small flower garden outside the Psychohistory Building at Streeling. Generally Wanda spent the bulk of her time in her office, working with her Prime Radiant. She found solace in its precise statistical elegance; the unvarying equations were somehow reassuring in this Empire gone so crazy. But when thoughts of her beloved father, mother, and baby sister became too much to bear, when even her research could not keep her mind off the horrible losses she'd so recently undergone, Wanda invariably found herself out here, scratching at the terraformed ground, as if coaxing a few plants to life might somehow, in some tiny measure, ameliorate her pain. Since her father's death a month ago and the disappearance of Manella and Bellis, Wanda, who had always been slim, had been losing weight. Whereas a few months ago Hari Seldon would have been concerned over his darling granddaughter's loss of appetite, now he, stuck in his own grief, seemed not to notice. A profound change had come over Hari and Wanda Seldon-and the few remaining members of the Psychohistory Project. Hari seemed to have given up. He now spent most of his days sitting in an armchair in the Streeling solarium, staring out at the University grounds, warmed by the bright bulbs overhead. Occasionally Project members told Wanda that his bodyguard, a man named Stettin Palver, would badger Seldon into a walk out under the dome or try to engage him in a discussion of the future direction of the Project. Wanda retreated deeper into her study of the Prime Radiant's fascinating equations. She could feel the future her grandfather had worked so hard to achieve finally taking shape, and he was right: The Encyclopedists must be established on Terminus; they would be the Foundation. And Section 33A2D17-in it Wanda could see what Seldon referred to as the Second, or secret, Foundation. But how? Without Seldon's active interest, Wanda was at a loss as to how to proceed. And her sorrow over the destruction of her family cut so deep that she didn't seem to have the strength to figure it out. The members of the Project itself, those fifty or so hardy souls who remained, continued their work as well as possible. The majority were Encyclopedists, researching the source materials they would need to copy and catalogue for their eventual move to Terminus-when and if they gained full access to the Galactic Library. At this point, they were working on faith alone. Professor Seldon had lost his private office at the Library, so the prospects of any other Project member gaining special access were slim. The remaining Project members (other than the Encyclopedists) were historical analysts and mathematicians. The historians interpreted past and current human actions and events, turning their findings over to the mathematicians, who in turn fit those pieces into the great Psychohistorical Equation. It was long painstaking work. Many Project members had left because the rewards were so few-psychohistorians were the butt of many jokes on Trantor and limited funds had forced Seldon to enact drastic pay cuts. But the constant reassuring presence of Hari Seldon had-till now-overcome the difficult working conditions of the Project. Indeed, the Project members who had stayed on had, to a person, done so out of respect and devotion to Professor Seldon. Now, thought Wanda Seldon bitterly, what reason is left for them to stay? A light breeze blew a piece of her blond hair across her eyes; she pushed it back absentmindedly and continued her weeding. â€Å"Miss Seldon, may I have a moment of your time?† Wanda turned and looked up. A young man-she judged him to be in his early twenties-stood on the gravel path next to her. She immediately sensed him to be strong and fearsomely intelligent. Her grandfather had chosen wisely. Wanda rose to speak with him. â€Å"I recognize you. You are my grandfather's bodyguard, are you not? Stettin Palver, I believe?† â€Å"Yes, that's correct, Miss Seldon,† Palver said and his cheeks reddened slightly, as if he were pleased that so pretty a girl should have given him any notice. â€Å"Miss Seldon, it is your grandfather I'd like to talk to you about. I'm very worried about him. We must do something.† â€Å"Do what, Mr. Palver? I am at a loss. Since my father†-she swallowed hard, as if she were having difficulty speaking-â€Å"died and my mother and sister disappeared, it is all I can do to get him out of bed in the morning. And to tell you the truth, it has affected me very deeply as well. You understand, don't you?† She looked into his eyes and knew that he did. â€Å"Miss Seldon,† Palver said softly, â€Å"I am terribly sorry about your losses. But you and Professor Seldon are alive and you must keep working at psychohistory. The professor seems to have given up. I was hoping that maybe you-we-could come up with something to give him hope again. You know, a reason to go on.† Ah, Mr. Palver, thought Wanda, maybe Grandpa has it right. I wonder if there truly is any reason to go on. But she said, â€Å"I'm sorry, Mr. Palver, I can think of nothing.† She gestured toward the ground with her hoe. â€Å"And now, as you can see, I must get back to these pesky weeds.† â€Å"I don't think your grandfather has got it right. I think there truly is a reason to go on. We just have to find it.† The words struck her with full force. How had he known what she had been thinking? Unless-â€Å"You can handle minds, can't you?† Wanda asked, holding her breath, as if afraid to hear Palver's response. â€Å"Yes, I can,† the young man replied. â€Å"I always have, I think. At least, I can't remember not doing it. Half the time I'm not even consciously aware of it-I just know what people are thinking-or have thought. â€Å"Sometimes,† he continued, encouraged by the understanding he felt emanating from Wanda, â€Å"I get flashes of it coming from someone else. It's always in a crowd, though, and I can't locate whoever it is. But I know there are others like me-us-around.† Wanda grabbed Palver's hand excitedly, her gardening tool tossed to the ground, forgotten. â€Å"Have you any idea what this might mean? For Grandpa, for psychohistory? One of us alone can do only so much, but both of us together-† Wanda started walking into the Psychohistory Building, leaving Palver standing on the gravel path. Almost to the entrance she stopped and turned. Come, Mr. Palver, we must tell my grandfather, Wanda said without opening her mouth. Yes, I suppose we should, answered Palver as he joined her. 31 â€Å"Do you mean to say I have been searching Trantor-wide for someone with your powers, Wanda, and he's been here with us for the past few months and we never knew it?† Hari Seldon was incredulous. He had been dozing in the solarium when Wanda and Palver shook him awake to give him their amazing news. â€Å"Yes, Grandpa. Think about it. I've never had occasion to meet Stettin. Your time with him has primarily been away from the Project and I spend the majority of my time closeted in my office, working with the Prime Radiant. When would we have met? In fact, the one time our paths did cross, the results were most significant.† â€Å"When was that?† asked Seldon, searching his memory. â€Å"Your last hearing-before Judge Lih,† Wanda replied immediately. â€Å"Remember the eyewitness who swore that you and Stettin had attacked those three muggers? Remember how he broke down and told the truth-and even he didn't seem to know why. But Stettin and I have pieced it together. We were both pushing Rial Nevas to come clean. He had been very steadfast in his original claim; I doubt that either one of us would have been able to push him alone. But together†-she stole a shy glance at Palver, who was standing off to the side-â€Å"our power is awesome!† Hari Seldon took all this in and then made as if to speak. But Wanda continued. â€Å"In fact, we plan to spend the afternoon testing our mentalic abilities, separately and together. From the little we've discovered so far, it seems as if Stettin's power is slightly lower than mine-perhaps a five on my rating scale. But his five, combined with my seven, gives us a twelve! Think of it, Grandpa. Awesome!† â€Å"Don't you see, Professor?† Palver spoke up. â€Å"Wanda and I are that breakthrough you're looking for. We can help you convince the worlds of the validity of psychohistory, we can help find others like us, we can help put psychohistory back on track.† Hari Seldon gazed up at the two young people standing in front of him. Their faces were aglow with youth and vigor and enthusiasm and he realized it did his old heart good. Perhaps all was not lost, after all. He had not thought he would survive this latest tragedy, the death of his son and the disappearance of his son's wife and child, but now he could see that Raych lived on in Wanda. And in Wanda and Stettin, he now knew, lived the future of the Foundation. â€Å"Yes, yes,† agreed Seldon nodding forcefully. â€Å"Come you two, help me up. I must get back to my office to plan our next step.†